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All issues Volume 29 (2022) Parasite, 29 (2022) 12 Full HTML
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Parasite
Volume 29, 2022
Special Issue – NexGard® Combo (esafoxolaner, eprinomectin, praziquantel): A new endectocide spot-on formulation for cats. Invited Editor: Frédéric Beugnet
Article Number 12
Number of page(s) 7
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2022012
Published online 03 March 2022

© A.A. Cutolo et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2022

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction

Frontline® Protect/Broadline® (abbreviated as “Broadline®” in the rest of the document), a combination of fipronil, (S)-methoprene, eprinomectin and praziquantel; and NexGard® Combo, a combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel are both topical endectoparasiticide products for cats aimed at the treatment and control of multiparasitism, a common condition in the feline species [2, 4, 16, 21]. Fipronil/(S)-methoprene and esafoxolaner provide insecticide and acaricide properties, eprinomectin and praziquantel provide nematodicide and cestodicide properties, respectively. Broadline® has been used safely for several years [8] and was demonstrated to be efficacious against a broad spectrum of feline parasites, including fleas [1] and gastro-intestinal helminths [13, 24]. NexGard® Combo was recently developed and registered in the European Union [9] and was demonstrated to be efficacious against fleas in experimental infestation studies conducted with isolates originating from France, South Africa and the USA [25], and in field studies with naturally infested cats from Europe, the USA and Australia [27], and against gastro-intestinal helminths using induced and natural models of infection with isolates originating from Europe, North America and South Africa [12]. The safety of NexGard® Combo was also comprehensively demonstrated, namely in specific target animal safety studies [10, 26].

It was necessary to confirm the efficacy of these two products against major feline parasites in South America, as the control of feline parasitism is important worldwide both for veterinary and public health [6, 28], and as authorities in major regions of the world require efficacy testing on local strains of parasites for registration of new products. This manuscript describes a field trial conducted in the Brazilian Southern Amazonian region for the investigation of the efficacy and tolerance of Broadline® and NexGard® Combo in cats naturally infested with fleas and/or intestinal helminths.

Materials and methods

Ethics

The study protocol had been reviewed and approved by the sponsor’s institutional animal care and use committee, and a license had been obtained from the local authorities.

Study design

This study was designed in accordance with the “World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of parasiticides for the treatment, prevention and control of flea and tick infestation on dogs and cats” [17], the “WAAVP guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anthelmintics for dogs and cats” [11], the International Cooperation on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products VICH GL7, “Efficacy of Anthelmintics: General Requirements” [31], and VICH GL20 “Efficacy of Anthelmintics: Specific Recommendations for Felines” [32]. The study was conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practices as described in “International Cooperation on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products (VICH) guideline GL9”.

The objectives of the study were to confirm the safety and efficacy of Broadline® and NexGard® Combo after one and two successive monthly treatments, against fleas and intestinal helminths naturally acquired in the field in Brazil.

The study was conducted on domestic cats in urban areas of Mato Grosso and Pará states, Brazil. In Mato Grosso, 83 and 85 cats, and in Pará, 77 and 79 cats, were assigned to the Broadline® and NexGard® Combo groups, respectively.

To qualify for the study, a household had at least one cat naturally infested with six or more live fleas and/or intestinal helminth(s) (Ancylostoma and/or Toxocara eggs, and/or Dipylidium eggs or proglottids). A household could contain a maximum of five dogs and cats (to minimize environmental flea infestation bias, dogs were administered oral afoxolaner), and all cats from a household were treated with the same product. The cat or cats adequately infested were evaluated for efficacy and safety; any other cat with an insufficient or absent infestation was only evaluated for safety. Neither the cat(s) nor the environment had been treated with any parasiticide compound within two months of inclusion.

Allocation into the Broadline® or NexGard® Combo groups was performed by lottery (taking numbers out of a hat), being performed on blocks of two households. If the first household was randomized into one treatment, consequently the second was allocated to the other treatment group. The process was repeated for each new pair of households containing included cats. A total of 160 cats were included in the Broadline® group and 165 cats in the NexGard® Combo group. There was only one cat in a multi-pet household assigned to NexGard® Combo that did not meet the infestation criteria; this cat was therefore treated, but evaluated only for safety.

Ninety percent of these 325 cats were infested with more than one parasite. In the Broadline® group, 146, 143, 42 and 46, and in the NexGard® Combo group, 149, 137, 44 and 47 evaluations of flea, Ancylostoma, Toxocara and Dipylidium infestations were conducted, respectively (Table 3).

Animals

To qualify for inclusion, cats were to harbor a minimum of six fleas and/or helminth eggs/proglottids in feces, and were declared suitable for the study in terms of health by a veterinarian. The 325 included domestic cats were aged 2 months to 13 years, weighed 0.6–6.1 kg, and were not limited by sex and reproductive status (neutered or intact). They were predominantly Domestic Short/or Long Hair, except for 9 Siamese, 3 Turkish Angora, and 1 Persian. Cats lived indoors, outdoors, or had both indoor and outdoor access; no housing restrictions were implemented and cats were fed as usual.

Treatment

Cats were treated by the Investigator on Days 0 and 30 (±2) at the recommended label dose of 0.3 mL (for cats weighing 0.8 to <2.5 kg), or 0.9 mL (for cats weighing 2.5 to <7.5 kg), which for Broadline® corresponded to 10.0–31.1 mg/kg fipronil, 12–37.5 mg/kg (S)-methoprene, 0.48–1.50 mg/kg eprinomectin, and 10.0–31.1 mg/kg praziquantel, and for NexGard® Combo 1.44–4.5 mg/kg esafoxolaner, 0.48–1.50 mg/kg eprinomectin, and 10.0–31.1 mg/kg praziquantel. The treatments were applied as per respective labels, in one spot directly on the skin, after parting the hair, in the midline of the neck between the base of the skull and the shoulder blades.

Parasite counts

Flea counts were performed by systematically combing all parts of the cat using a fine-tooth flea comb for at least 5 min. The counts were performed before the first treatment for baseline evaluation, then on Days 9 (±2), 30 (before second treatment), 39 and 60 for efficacy evaluations.

Intestinal helminth evaluations (Ancylostoma sp., Toxocara sp. and Dipylidium sp.) were performed by copromicroscopy using McMaster and Centrifugal Flotation Techniques, for the expression of egg counts in eggs per gram (EPG). Dipylidium sp. evaluations were also performed by visual examination and count of proglottids in feces. The evaluations were performed on fecal samples obtained before the first treatment for baseline evaluation and inclusion, then on Days 9 (±2) and 39. Fecal samples were collected at the households, with proper care taken to confirm the origin in case of multi-cat households.

Tolerance evaluations

Owners were requested to observe their cats closely for 2 h after each treatment, then daily, and to report any abnormality to the veterinarian in charge. At each scheduled visit (Days 0, 9, 30, 39 and (flea only) 60), the Investigator performed a physical examination, which together with consideration of any adverse reactions reported by owners (resulting or not in an unplanned veterinary consultation, veterinary care, concurrent medication, etc.) was considered for an evaluation of the tolerance. Relationships to treatment for all adverse reactions and abnormalities were evaluated by the Investigator.

Statistical analysis

Total live flea counts, EPG and proglottid counts were transformed to the natural logarithm of (count + 1) for analysis and calculation of the geometric means. The percent efficacy was calculated using the formula 100 × [(B – T)/B], where B = geometric mean of the Day 0 (baseline) visit count and T = geometric mean of the appropriate visit day count. The geometric mean was calculated by taking the anti-logarithm of the average of the log-counts and then subtracting 1, or was computed by taking the anti-logarithm of the least square mean minus 1 from the analysis model. Flea efficacy was also calculated on the basis of arithmetic means.

Results

Flea and intestinal helminth efficacies

The flea efficacy results are presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Flea efficacy results.

In the Broadline® group, the 146 cats evaluated for fleas were infested with 6–43 fleas at inclusion (geometric mean 11.4), and the percent reduction of live fleas compared to baseline, 9 and 30 days after each of the two treatments ranged from 98.3% to 99.7%.

In the NexGard® Combo group, the 149 cats evaluated for fleas were infested with 6–31 fleas at inclusion (geometric mean 10.9), and the percent reduction of live fleas compared to baseline, 9 and 30 days after each of the two treatments ranged from 99.0% to 99.9%.

The intestinal helminths efficacy results are presented in Table 2.

Table 2

Gastro-intestinal helminths efficacy results.

In the Broadline® group, the helminth efficacies evaluated nine days after each treatment exceeded 99% for nematodes (Ancylostoma and Toxocara) and 97% for Dipylidium.

In the Nexgard® Combo group, the helminth efficacies evaluated nine days after each treatment exceeded 99% for nematodes (Ancylostoma and Toxocara) and 96% for Dipylidium.

At inclusion, inclusive of both groups, most cats were infested by fleas (91.0%), by helminths (94.8%), and were mixed infested by fleas and helminths (85.8%). The types and proportions of infestations including the mixed infestations are summarized in Table 3 and detailed in Table 4.

Table 3

Parasitism of cats and types of mixed infestations.

Table 4

Details of infestations at baseline.

Tolerance

A total of 320 Broadline® and 330 NexGard® Combo treatments were administered.

In the Broadline® group, nine occurrences of mild and self-resolving hypersalivation were observed and lasted up to 40 min in eight instances, and 24 h one instance. No other adverse reactions were observed.

In the NexGard® Combo group, five occurrences of mild and self-resolving hypersalivation were observed and lasted up to 40 min. No other adverse reactions were observed.

No animal needed or received any concurrent medication during the study.

Discussion and conclusion

This field trial confirmed that Broadline® or NexGard® Combo applied to cats in Brazil have a comparable and high level of efficacy against fleas, Ancylostoma and Toxocara infestations. The results also showed high efficacy against D. caninum infections for both products, however, less conclusively as the detection methods used (copromicroscopy and visual examination of proglottids on feces) lack sensitivity and have been demonstrated to only reveal a fraction of the true infection incidence when compared to worm counts performed under necropsy [15]. Comparable efficacy was fully expected for both products with regards to intestinal helminths, as their active ingredients, eprinomectin and praziquantel, are identical and administered at the same dosage. Comparable efficacy was expected to a lesser extent with regards to fleas, as on the one hand esafoxolaner, the isoxazoline ectoparasiticide active ingredient of NexGard® Combo, is a novel systemic compound to which no fleas have yet been exposed in Brazil, while on the other fipronil, the ectoparasiticide active ingredient of Broadline®, is a contact compound that has been used worldwide for several decades, including in Brazil, in several animal species, public hygiene, and also in crop agriculture. The high efficacy results of fipronil (in combination to (S)-methoprene) observed in the present field trial show that this ingredient remains a good tool to control fleas in Brazil.

This trial also confirmed that cats are a species commonly infested by multiple parasites, as referenced in Brazil [14, 18, 19, 23] and worldwide [2–4, 6, 7, 15, 21]. In the present study, 85.8% of domestic cats from an urban area were simultaneously infested with fleas and intestinal helminths, and 21.6% with fleas and intestinal nematodes and cestodes (Table 3). There was a gap in the epizootiological investigation of this study, as the incidences of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Troglostrongylus brevior, major lungworms of cats were not investigated. The specific diagnostic technique for A. abstrusus and T. brevior (Baermann funnel migration) was not performed due to study logistics; nevertheless, the worldwide importance [20, 29, 30] including in Brazil [5, 22] of these feline lungworms should not be overlooked by the epizootiological observations of the present study.

These observations confirm the importance of using a broad endectoparasiticide medical strategy in cats, including ectoparasiticide, nematodicide and cestodicide treatments.

This field trial demonstrated a high level of tolerance and efficacy of Broadline® and NexGard® Combo against major parasites of cats in Brazil.

Competing interest

The work reported herein was funded by Boehringer-Ingelheim. The authors are current employees or contractors of Boehringer-Ingelheim. Other than that, the authors declare no conflict of interest. This document is provided for scientific purposes only. Any reference to a brand or trademark herein is for information purposes only and is not intended for any commercial purposes or to dilute the rights of the respective owners of the brand(s) or trademark(s).

Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to all R&D Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Brazil staff for their support in providing logistics and study data review.

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Cite this article as: Cutolo AA, Jardina DTG, De Vito GG, Grisi do Nascimento C, Heidmann MJ, Ferreira Nantes JD, Bassetto KV, Chagas IC, Pereira Junior EF, de Castro BG & Tielemans E. 2022. Efficacy of two endectoparasiticide products combining fipronil and (S)-methoprene or esafoxolaner with eprinomectin and praziquantel against fleas and intestinal helminths in cats naturally infested in Brazil. Parasite 29, 12.

All Tables

Table 1

Flea efficacy results.

In the text
Table 2

Gastro-intestinal helminths efficacy results.

In the text
Table 3

Parasitism of cats and types of mixed infestations.

In the text
Table 4

Details of infestations at baseline.

In the text

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