Open Access
Issue
Parasite
Volume 33, 2026
Article Number 28
Number of page(s) 11
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2026028
Published online 19 May 2026
  1. Baudoin M. 1975. Host castration as a parasitic strategy. Evolution, 29, 335–352. [Google Scholar]
  2. Beani L. 2006. Crazy wasps: when parasites manipulate the Polistes phenotype. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 43, 564–574. [Google Scholar]
  3. Beani L, Cappa F, Manfredini F, Zaccaroni M. 2018. Preference of Polistes dominula wasps for trumpet creepers when infected by Xenos vesparum: a novel example of co-evolved traits between host and parasite. PLoS One, 13, e0205201. [Google Scholar]
  4. Beani L, Dallai R, Cappa F, Manfredini F, Zaccaroni M, Lorenzi MC, Mercati D. 2021. A strepsipteran parasite extends the lifespan of workers in a social wasp. Scientific Reports, 11, 7235. [Google Scholar]
  5. Cvačka J, Jiroš P, Kalinová B, Straka J, Černá K, Šebesta P, Tomčala A, Vašíčková S, Jahn U, Šobotník J. 2012. Stylopsal: the first identified female-produced sex pheromone of Strepsiptera. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 38, 1483–1491. [Google Scholar]
  6. Geffre AC, Liu R, Manfredini F, Beani L, Kathirithamby J, Grozinger CM, Toth AL. 2017. Transcriptomics of an extended phenotype: parasite manipulation of wasp social behaviour shifts expression of caste-related genes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284, 20170029. [Google Scholar]
  7. Heusler J, Funk J, Wagner A. 2025. Spatial interpolation in applied insect ecology: a review, including guidelines and datasets for practical use. Journal of Applied Entomology, 149, 1319–1334. [Google Scholar]
  8. Hrabar M, Danci A, McCann S, Schaefer PW, Gries G. 2014. New findings on life history traits of Xenos peckii (Strepsiptera: Xenidae). Canadian Entomologist, 146, 514–527. [Google Scholar]
  9. Hughes D. 2002. The value of a broad mind: some natural history meanderings of Bill Hamilton. Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 14, 83–89. [Google Scholar]
  10. Hughes DP, Kathirithamby J, Turillazzi S, Beani L. 2004. Social wasps desert the colony and aggregate outside if parasitized: parasite manipulation? Behavioral Ecology, 15, 1037–1043. [Google Scholar]
  11. Kanzaki N, Makino SI, Kosaka H, Sayama K, Hamaguchi K, Narayama S. 2023. Nematode and strepsipteran parasitism in bait-trapped and hand-collected hornets (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Vespa). Insects, 14, 398. [Google Scholar]
  12. Kathirithamby J. 1989. Review of the order Strepsiptera. Systematic Entomology, 14, 41–92. [Google Scholar]
  13. Kathirithamby J. 2009. Host–parasitoid associations in Strepsiptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 54, 227–249. [Google Scholar]
  14. Kathirithamby J. 2018. Biodiversity of Strepsiptera. Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, 2, 673–703. [Google Scholar]
  15. Kim IK, Kim CJ, Choi JH, Kang HJ, Choi MB. 2025. Stylopization by Xenos spp. (Xenidae, Strepsiptera) in invasive alien hornet, Vespa velutina, in South Korea. Parasite, 32, 10. [Google Scholar]
  16. Kinzelbach R. 1971. Morphologische Befunde an Fächerflüglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera). Stuttgart: Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. [Google Scholar]
  17. Kristensen NP. 1991. Phylogeny of extant hexapods. In The Insects of Australia: a textbook for students and research workers (Vol. I, 2nd ed.). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. pp. 125–140. [Google Scholar]
  18. Kudô K, Oyaizu W, Kusama R, Yamagishi K, Yamaguchi Y, Koji S. 2024. Mating and post-hibernation ovarian development in stylopized and non-stylopized queens of the hornet Vespa analis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 36, 86–95. [Google Scholar]
  19. Kudô K, Oyaizu W, Kusama R, Yamagishi K, Yamaguchi Y, Koji S. 2024. Effect of environmental factors on strepsipteran parasite abundance in vespine wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Sociobiology, 71, e10347. [Google Scholar]
  20. Lioy S, Laurino D, Capello M, Romano A, Manino A, Porporato M. 2020. Effectiveness and selectiveness of traps and baits for catching the invasive hornet Vespa velutina. Insects, 11, 706. [Google Scholar]
  21. Makino S. 2001. Seasonal changes in levels of parasitism and sex ratio of Xenos moutoni du Buysson (Strepsiptera, Stylopidae) in the Japanese hornet, Vespa analis insularis Dalla Torre (Hymenoptera, Vespidae), collected with attractant traps. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 144, 217–222. [Google Scholar]
  22. Makino S, Yamaura Y, Yamauchi H. 2010. Smaller nests of the hornet Vespa analis (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) are more severely affected by the strepsipteran parasite Xenos moutoni (Strepsiptera, Stylopidae) than are larger nests. Insectes Sociaux, 57, 83–90. [Google Scholar]
  23. Makino SI. 2025. Levels of parasitism by Xenos oxyodontes (Strepsiptera, Stylopidae) among adult hornets and its voltinism in the host Vespa analis (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Sociobiology, 72, e11306. [Google Scholar]
  24. Makino SI, Kawashima M, Kosaka H. 2011. First record of occurrence of Xenos moutoni (Strepsiptera; Stylopidae), an important parasite of hornets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Vespa), in Korea. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 14, 137–139. [Google Scholar]
  25. Makino SI, Yamashita Y. 1998. Levels of parasitism by Xenos moutoni du Buysson (Strepsiptera, Stylopidae) and their seasonal changes in hornets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespa) caught with bait traps. Entomological Science, 1, 537–543. [Google Scholar]
  26. Masciocchi M, Mattiacci A, Villacide JM, Buteler M, Porrino AP, Martínez AS. 2023. Sugar responsiveness could determine foraging patterns in yellowjackets. Scientific Reports, 13, 20448. [Google Scholar]
  27. Matsuura M, Yamane S. 1990. Biology of the vespine wasps. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. [Google Scholar]
  28. Nain D, Rana A, Raychoudhury R, Sen R. 2024. Morphology, biology and phylogeny of Xenos gadagkari sp. nov. (Strepsiptera: Xenidae): an endoparasite of Polistes wattii (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Zootaxa, 5493, 561–576. [Google Scholar]
  29. Nakase Y, Kato M. 2013. Cryptic diversity and host specificity in giant Xenos strepsipterans parasitic in large Vespa hornets. Zoological Science, 30, 331–336. [Google Scholar]
  30. Oyaizu W, Kudô K. 2013. Seasonal changes in the number of vespine wasps and levels of parasitism by Xenos moutoni (Strepsiptera, Stylopidae) collected with attractant traps in Matsunoyama forest, Tokamachi city, Japan. Bulletin of the Faculty of Education (Natural Sciences), Niigata University, 6, 49–57 [in Japanese]. [Google Scholar]
  31. Pohl H, Beutel RG. 2008. The evolution of Strepsiptera (Hexapoda). Zoology, 111, 318–338. [Google Scholar]
  32. Rossini L, Contarini M, Delfino I, Speranza S. 2025. Does insect trapping truly measure insect populations? Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 27, 329–339. [Google Scholar]
  33. Schrader SH. 1924. Reproduction of Acroschismus wheeleri Pierce. Journal of Morphology and Physiology, 39, 157–197. [Google Scholar]
  34. Tatsuta H, Makino SI. 2003. Rate of strepsipteran parasitization among overwintered females of the hornet Vespa analis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Environmental Entomology, 32, 175–179. [Google Scholar]

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.