Open Access
Table 1
Diagnostic criteria for reproductive and developmental stage assignment in Xenos spp.
| Sex | Stage | Diagnosis |
|---|---|---|
| Female | Pre-vitellogenic | Internal structures intact; oocytes absent or poorly developed. |
| Vitellogenic | Body cavity filled with well-developed oocytes. | |
| Gravid | Fertilized eggs and developing embryos and/or triungulins present. | |
| Larviposition | Triungulins concentrated toward the cephalothorax and actively exiting via the birth opening (brood canal). | |
| Post-larviposition | Most triungulins expelled; few or none remaining in the body. | |
| Male | Pupa | Pupa present within puparium. |
| Transitional | Late pupa to soft, unsclerotized near-adult retained within the puparium. | |
| Not emerged | Pharate adult retained within puparium; no emergence. | |
| Emerged | Puparium empty; emergence opening/exuviae indicates adult emergence. |
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