Representative developmental stages of Xenos oxyodontes recovered from inside and outside Vespa analis nests. Vitellogenic females and not-emerged males were detected in both inside- and outside-nest samples, suggesting that nest departure may occur at or around these stages. Abbreviations: WB, whole body (female); Co, cephalothorax (female); HA, host abdomen; EP, empty puparium (male); P, puparium (male); WBP, whole body in puparium (male).