Open Access
Table 1
Summary of global E. bieneusi human infection rates and relevant characteristics.
| Variable/Category | No. studies | No. examined | No. positive | Prevalence % (95% CI) | Heterogeneity | Univariate meta-regression | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| χ 2 | p-value | I2 (%) | p-value* | Coefficient (95% CI) | |||||
| Gender | 0.6839 | 0.1505 (−0.5737 to 0.8746) | |||||||
| Female | 31 | 6,507 | 389 | 4.66% (2.68–7.98) | 449.44 | <0.01 | 93.3 | ||
| Male | 32 | 8,235 | 497 | 5.50% (3.54–8.45) | 477.02 | <0.01 | 93.5 | ||
| Residence | 0.8192 | 0.1173 (−0.8888 to 1.1234) | |||||||
| Urban | 4 | 717 | 55 | 6.98% (3.80–12.49) | 13.34 | <0.01 | 77.5 | ||
| Rural | 8 | 2,232 | 166 | 7.58% (4.22–13.25) | 88.83 | <0.01 | 92.1 | ||
| Age | 0.3148 | −0.0508 (−0.2047 to 0.1030) | |||||||
| Teenager | 26 | 8,190 | 912 | 10.97% (5.90–17.36) | 244.58 | <0.01 | 97.2 | ||
| Adult | 22 | 9,243 | 239 | 3.91% (2.32–5.88) | 886.42 | <0.01 | 91.4 | ||
| Elderly | 7 | 816 | 75 | 6.75% (2.95–11.94) | 33.12 | <0.01 | 81.9 | ||
| Human Development Index | 0.1191 | 0.5251 (−0.1353 to 1.1855) | |||||||
| Very high | 28 | 8,120 | 974 | 7.93% (4.94–12.48) | 544.06 | <0.01 | 95.0 | ||
| High | 27 | 15,257 | 613 | 4.84% (2.96–7.83) | 542.24 | <0.01 | 95.2 | ||
| Medium | 10 | 2,918 | 252 | 7.32% (4.73–11.14) | 145.64 | <0.01 | 93.8 | ||
| Low | 8 | 4,761 | 541 | 6.87% (3.45–13.22) | 128.25 | <0.01 | 94.5 | ||
| Income level | 0.0638 | −0.6883 (−1.4161 to 0.0396) | |||||||
| High | 18 | 5,099 | 736 | 9.53% (5.01–17.37) | 357.78 | <0.01 | 95.2 | ||
| Upper-middle | 31 | 16,717 | 779 | 5.07% (3.24–7.85) | 636.82 | <0.01 | 95.3 | ||
| Lower-middle | 15 | 3,970 | 320 | 7.31% (5.17–10.24) | 184.31 | <0.01 | 92.4 | ||
| Low | 5 | 4,034 | 466 | 6.36% (2.23–16.82) | 106.73 | <0.01 | 96.3 | ||
| Clinical signs and symptoms | 0.009 | 0.0646 (0.1612 to −01.1311) | |||||||
| AIDS | 1 | 2,53 | 28 | 11.07% (7.47–15.2) | 0.00 | – | – | ||
| HIV | 27 | 7,920 | 869 | 14.4% (9.84–19.62) | 833.11 | <0.01 | 96.9 | ||
| Leukemia | 3 | 280 | 33 | 10.52% (1.83–24.53) | 20.90 | <0.01 | 90.4 | ||
| Malignancies | 1 | 53 | 3 | 5.6% (0.73–13.85) | 0.00 | – | – | ||
| Cancer | 1 | 93 | 65 | 69.89% (60.13–78.84) | 0.00 | – | – | ||
| Bone marrow transplant | 1 | 200 | 78 | 39.00% (32.34–45.87) | 0.00 | – | – | ||
| CD4+ | 0.7435 | −0.0535 (−0.3736 to 0.2667) | |||||||
| <200 | 8 | 921 | 103 | 25.97% (9.74–46.19) | 230.94 | <0.01 | 97.0 | ||
| >200 | 6 | 554 | 81 | 21.76% (4.66–46.00) | 69.73 | <0.01 | 92.8 | ||
| Diarrhea | 0.0948 | 0.0928 (−0.0161 to 0.2016) | |||||||
| Yes | 31 | 4,660 | 763 | 16.50% (11.47–22.18) | 344.45 | <0.01 | 91.3 | ||
| No | 20 | 7,919 | 578 | 10.54% (5.79–16.44) | 523.67 | <0.01 | 96.4 | ||
| Altitude (m) | 0.4657 | 0.2374 (−0.4004 to 0.8753) | |||||||
| <10 m | 28 | 7,559 | 591 | 6.42% (4.02–10.08) | 341.40 | <0.01 | 92.1 | ||
| 10 m–50 m | 21 | 9,611 | 339 | 4.68% (2.91–7.44) | 292.93 | <0.01 | 93.2 | ||
| >50 m | 14 | 6,032 | 317 | 5.96% (2.97–11.61) | 289.20 | <0.01 | 95.5 | ||
| Climate | 0.1625 | 0.9607 (−0.3875 to 2.3089) | |||||||
| Mediterranean | 10 | 1,741 | 119 | 5.74% (2.99–10.76) | 67.98 | <0.01 | 86.8 | ||
| Savannah | 6 | 1,381 | 117 | 10.26% (4.59–21.36) | 131.12 | <0.01 | 96.2 | ||
| Tropical monsoon | 13 | 3,539 | 272 | 4.54% (2.32–8.68) | 174.38 | <0.01 | 93.1 | ||
| Tropical desert | 5 | 4,160 | 238 | 7.50% (4.77–11.60) | 77.49 | <0.01 | 94.8 | ||
| Tropical rainforest | 4 | 1,712 | 123 | 7.03% (3.75–12.79) | 55.30 | <0.01 | 94.6 | ||
| Temperate continental | 8 | 3,518 | 114 | 5.01% (1.54–15.08) | 183.55 | <0.01 | 96.2 | ||
| Temperate zone marine climate | 5 | 2,112 | 372 | 13.55% (3.19–42.73) | 85.24 | <0.01 | 95.3 | ||
| Temperate monsoon | 5 | 3,945 | 123 | 5.23% (1.98–13.09) | 90.65 | <0.01 | 95.6 | ||
| Subtropical monsoon | 11 | 2,959 | 208 | 5.95% (2.84–12.03) | 72.22 | <0.01 | 86.2 | ||
| Total | 75 | 31,644 | 2291 | 6.59% (4.97–8.68) | |||||
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