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All issues Volume 26 (2019) Parasite, 26 (2019) 50 Full HTML
Open Access
Issue
Parasite
Volume 26, 2019
Article Number 50
Number of page(s) 9
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019054
Published online 21 August 2019

© F.A. Jiménez et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2019

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction

Marsupials are a typical component of the Neotropics [28, 30, 31]. In the Americas, this group of mammals includes three families in three orders of which Didelphidae (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) contains roughly 110 species of small to medium-sized marsupials [11, 23, 27, 32]. These diversified into arboreal, scansorial, terrestrial, and semiaquatic habits [4]. The continuous investigation of the basic biology, distribution and diversity of these marsupials has allowed researchers to document the isolation of some populations, to establish the geographic and taxonomic limits for several genera, and to generate evidence to formally describe new didelphimorph taxa [3, 14, 16, 29].

Perhaps because of their ubiquitous nature and high abundance, most helminthological records are centered in four species of medium-sized opossums [1, 19, 25], yet very few helminth taxa had been described from small sized marsupials of arboreal habitats [2, 5, 7, 9, 13, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24]. Among those, four monotypic genera of nematodes infecting arboreal and terrestrial mouse opossums have been described in South America. These include Neohilgertia venusti Navone, Suriano & Pujol, 1990, from Thylamys venustus; Didelphoxyuris thylamisis Gardner & Hugot, 1995 from Thylamys elegans and Thylamys venustus; Monodelphoxyuris dollmeiri Guerrero & Hugot, 2003 from Monodelphis emiliae, and Gracilioxyuris agilisis Feijó, Torres, Maldonado & Lanfredi, 2008 from Gracilinanus agilis and Marmosa paraguayana [8, 12, 15, 21]. Most of these species are characterized by their relatively short tail and by the presence of numerous mamelons on the ventral side. The criteria to differentiate each of these monotypic genera include the configuration of the stoma or buccal opening, presence of a cephalic vesicle, as well as the ornamentation of the egg shell. The stoma in the four known species is an important element in the diagnosis of these taxa; it can be surrounded by three “lips”, which cover 3–4 pharyngeal teeth. The cephalic vesicle is either absent, or thick, with conspicuous internal vesicles in the females of D. thylamisis. Finally, the eggs have been characterized as either operculated or non-operculated, and the eggs of G. agilisis feature three longitudinal ridges which are used in the diagnosis of the genus.

Herein, we describe a new species of pinworm found in the large intestine of the gray opossum, Tlacuatzin canescens (Allen, 1893) in the dry forest of southern Mexico. Since it shows clear differences in the configuration of the cephalic vesicle and the stoma with the other four monotypic genera, we propose a new genus to include it. This is the fifth oxyurid species identified in didelphid marsupials and the first one occurring north of the basin of the Amazon river. The finding of this nematode in a marsupial north of the Panama isthmus has implications relative to the dispersal of fauna of South American origin into the North American tectonic plate, which is part of the reciprocal biotic exchange among the two landmasses of the New World known as the Great American Biotic Interchange.

Materials and methods

A single gray mouse opossum was hand trapped in the locality of Cruz Pintada: Morelos: Mexico (18°27′58″N, 99°2′16″W, 1016 m) on 10 June 2010. The individual was humanely euthanized and examined for parasites 12 h after trapping, following methods approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use protocol 09-026 (Assurance Number A-3078-01). Specimens resulting from this examination were fixed in 4% buffered formaldehyde and subsequently transferred to 70% ethanol for storage. In addition, the digestive tracts of three gray opossums and three Mexican mouse opossums (Marmosa mexicana Merriam, 1897) collected in the isthmus of Tehuantepec were requested from the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) (New York, NY). These tissues were rinsed and cut open, all removed metazoans were washed and saved in 70% ethanol. Collection numbers and locations for these specimens are detailed in Table 1. All 15 pinworms found were cleared in temporary mounts of lactophenol or glycerine. All measurements are given in micrometers and detailed in Table 2; for each character, the range is given first, followed by mean and coefficient of variation [26]. After clearing, two specimens, a male and a female, were washed and then dehydrated progressively in a graded ethanol series, dried to a non-liquid state by critical point drying using CO2, attached to an SEM stub, and sputter coated with gold palladium. Specimens imaged with SEM were exposed to a beam of 2–10 kV on a FEI Quanta 450 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FEI, Hillsboro, Oregon). Specimens of D. thylamisis Gardner & Hugot, 1995; Monodelphoxyuris dollmeiri Hugot & Guerrero, 2003, and Neohilgertia venusti Navone, Suriano & Pujol, 1990 were borrowed from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology (HWML, Lincoln, Nebraska); type specimens were deposited in the Colección Nacional de Helmintos (CNHE), of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City. A single male collected from the examination of fluid preserved guts was deposited in the invertebrate collection of the AMNH.

Table 1

Information on gray mouse opossums and Mexican mouse opossums examined for pinworms. Specimens were collected in Oaxaca, Mexico and accessioned in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY.

Table 2

Measurements of type specimens used in the characterization and description of Tlacuatzoxyuris simpsoni, parasite of the gray opossum Tlacuatzin canescens (Allen, 1893) endemic to Mexico. Specimens were collected in the locality of Cruz Pintada, Morelos (18°27′58″N, 99°2′16″W, 1016 m), with the exception of AMNH IZC 331457, Tlacuatzoxyuris sp., from Las Tejas: Oaxaca (16°21′3.69″N, 95°20′3.86″W, 117 m).

Results

Tlacuatzoxyuris n. gen.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:98673C5B-786D-4761-A6CE-87B1C2ECC83B

Type species: Tlacuatzoxyuris simpsoni n. sp.

Etymology: The genus name is a combination of the Nahuatl word Tlacuatzin, meaning opossum, and the composition oxyuris from the Greek words oxys, sharp and oura, tail.

General: Oxyuridae. Small worms, whitish when alive. Round cephalic plate, semicircular stoma, in terminal depression, surrounded by rim. Lateral alae emerge from cephalic vesicle and runs to tip of tail; alae show two crests.

Male: Prominent, round cephalic vesicle in males. Keel-like area rugosa present, with transverse striations. Four pairs of caudal papillae, two pairs adanal, one pair submedial, posterior to cloaca, one pair terminal. Rough cuticular plate immediately posterior to cloaca. Phasmids oriented dorsally. Spicule and gubernaculum present. Non-salient terminus.

Female: Cephalic cuticle excretory pore and vulva in anterior third of body; thick muscular vagina; didelphic.

Tlacuatzoxyuris simpsoni n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2FA1FAC2-7A61-4E71-BBAC-B8072F07D2A0

(Figs. 1–12)

Type host: Tlacuatzin canescens (Allen, 1893).

Symbiotype: Universidad Autónoma de Morelos, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Cuernavaca, Morelos (UAEM no number).

Type locality: Cruz Pintada: Morelos: Mexico (18°27′58″N, 99°2′16″W, 1016 m).

Date of collection of type specimens: 10 June 2010.

Type-specimens deposited: Holotype, male CNHE8347. Allotype, female CNHE8348; paratypes CNHE8349.

Site of Infection: Large intestine.

Etymology: The species is named after George Gaylord Simpson, American paleontologist who specialized in the study of mammalian evolution. His investigations on the Paleocene fossils from North America, as well as the Neogene fossils of Florida and Patagonia allowed him to formulate the mammalian transitions of the Great American Biotic Interchange.

General: Small worms, whitish when alive; round cephalic vesicle, simple; body width gradually increasing posterior to cephalic vesicle, reaching maximum at midbody, and tapering towards posterior end. Round cephalic plate with four submedial papillae and lateral amphids (Fig. 1). Stoma semicircular, in terminal depression, surrounded by rim (Figs. 1 and 8). Esophagus endowed with three esophageal teeth (Figs. 1 and 8). Lateral alae emerge from cephalic vesicle and runs to tip of tail; alae taper at level of cloaca and anus in males and females, respectively. Alae show two crests (Fig. 4).

thumbnail Figures 1, 2

Tlacuatzoxyuris simpsoni n. gen. n. sp., male. (1) cephalic plate showing relative placement of papillae, amphids (white arrows), rim around stoma and teeth; scale bar = 10 μm. (2) Ventral view of tail, showing paired papillae and postcloacal cuticular ornamentation; scale bar = 25 μm.

thumbnail Figures 3–6

Tlacuatzoxyuris simpsoni n. gen. n. sp., male. (3) lateral view of whole body; scale bar = 200 μm. (4) Cross section at midbody, showing double crested lateral alae; scale bar = 50 μm. (5) Lateral view of tail, arrow shows phasmid emerging from pedunculated papilla; scale bar = 100 μm. (6) Ventral view of tail, showing arrangement of papillae; scale bar = 50 μm.

Males (based on five types, unless otherwise noted): Small fusiform worms, length 1216–1477, 1304 (9%, n = 4) with both ends truncated (Fig. 3), maximum width at midbody 107–155, 130 (18%, n = 4). Cephalic vesicle 73–94, 84 (10%) long by 50–65, 57 (11%) wide. Well-developed lateral alae with two crests (Fig. 4), crests fuse into one at both ends; alae begin at level of nerve ring and ends anterior to cloaca. Esophagus length 175–196, 186 (5%, n = 4); corpus length 109–130, 118 (9%, n = 4), width 25–29, 27 (7%, n = 4); bulb length 46–56, 51 (8%, n = 4), width 44–46, 45 (2%, n = 4). Nerve ring, excretory pore and area rugosa located at 73–102, 88 (12%), 324–418, 361 (14%, n = 3), and 569–718, 656 (11%, n = 4) respectively from anterior end (Fig. 3). Continuous ventral area rugosa appears divided into 5–7 narrow mamelons (Fig. 3). Round postanal region 42–52, 46 (8%) long and 46–50, 48 (3%) wide (Figs. 2, 5, 6); distal end serves as basis for terminal papillae (Figs. 2, 5, 6). Non-salient terminus 28–38, 33 (13%) long (Figs. 5 and 6). Four pairs of genital papillae; two pairs sublateral, immediately anterior to cloaca; one pair subventral, postcloacal, and one pair subterminal, pedunculated (Figs. 2 and 6). Postcloacal ornamentation in narrow area between cloaca and subventral papillae (Fig. 2). Phasmids emerge from the peduncle of terminal papillae towards dorsal side (Figs. 5 and 6). Monorchid. Spicule with moderate inflection, length 81–90, 86 (4%), width at calamus 5–6, 5 (11%). Gubernaculum 35–50, 41 (16%) long, 4–5, 4 (8%) wide (Figs. 5 and 6).

Females (based on nine types, unless otherwise noted): Fusiform worms, length 1452–2630, 1904 (24%), maximum width at midbody 111–201, 152 (21%) (Fig. 7). Cephalic vesicle 94–124, 107 (9%, n = 4) long by 56–69, 62 (7%, n = 4) wide. Lateral alae emerge from cephalic vesicle, runs continuously to tail end; two crests at level of vulva, midbody and rectum (Figs. 10–12). Esophagus length 216–256, 234 (7%); corpus length 122–176, 148 (12%), width 28–44, 35 (19%); bulb length 56–71, 64 (9%), width 48–72, 58 (16%) (Fig. 9). Nerve ring, excretory pore and vulva located 83–112, 95 (11%); 322–504, 407 (19%) and 388–594, 476 (17%) respectively from anterior end (Fig. 7). Vulva connected to muscular ovejector, ovejector to short vestibule and this to two uterine branches (prodelphic). Muscular ovejector 74–87, 82 (9%) long (Fig. 7). Tail tapers to a point, 165–415, 326 (25%) long (Fig. 7). Eggs not observed.

thumbnail Figures 7–12

Tlacuatzoxyuris simpsoni n. gen. n. sp., female. (7) Ventral view of whole body; scale bar = 300 μm. (8) Face view, showing teeth and continuous cuticle surrounding stoma; scale bar = 20 μm. (9) Esophagus, showing relative position of nerve ring, scale bar = 100 μm. Cross sections at level of (10) vulva, (11) midbody, and (12) slightly anterior to anus; scale bar = 50 μm.

Tlacuatzoxyuris sp.

Host: Tlacuatzin canescens (Allen, 1893).

Host deposition: AMNH165652, Mammalogy.

Locality: Las Tejas: Oaxaca: Mexico (16°21′3.69″N, 95°20′3.86″W, 117 m), collected August 20, 1950.

Specimens deposited: 1 male AMNH IZC 331457.

Site of Infection: Large intestine.

Male: Small worm, round cephalic vesicle, simple; body width gradually increasing posterior to contracted cephalic vesicle, reaching maximum at midbody, and tapering towards posterior end. Round cephalic plate. Lateral alae run to tip of tail; alae taper at level of cloaca. Length 1023 with both ends truncated, maximum width at midbody 130. Cephalic vesicle 70 long by 48 wide. Alae begin at level of nerve ring and end at level of most posterior mamelon. Esophagus length 179; corpus length 120, width 29; bulb 53 by 48. Nerve ring, excretory pore and area rugosa located at 89, 286 and 228 respectively from anterior end. Continuous ventral area rugosa appears divided into six narrow mamelons. Round postanal region 31 long and 50 wide. Non-salient terminus nine long. Four pairs of genital papillae with pedunculated subterminal pair. Monorchid. Spicule with moderate inflection, length 64. Gubernaculum 44 long.

Discussion

The genus Tlacuatzoxyuris can be discriminated from other genera present in the northern Neotropics by the absence of an external terminus in the tail of males and a prominent caudal ala. It can be discriminated from Helminthoxys Freitas, Lent and Almeida, 1937, because Tlacuatzoxyuris feature a cephalic vesicle with no prominent cervical alae; from Heteromoxyuris Quentin, 1973 because males feature 5–7 mamelons as ventral ornamentation, and from Passalurus Dujardin, 1845 in that males are endowed with a spicule. Further, the new genus can be discriminated from members of Trypanoxyuris Vevers, 1923 because species in the latter feature complex labial and buccal structures and no ventral mamelons. Finally, the new genus can be discriminated from the five genera of oxyurids present in Australian marsupials (Austroxyuris Johnston & Mawson, 1938; Adelonema Mawson, 1978; Paraustroxyuris Mawson, 1964; Macropoxyuris Mawson, 1964 and Potoroxyuris Mawson, 1964) in that males included in those taxa have relatively more complex and deep buccal capsules, prominent caudal termini, a caudal ala, and a cuticle with very few mamelons or no ventral ornamentation in males.

Tlacuatzoxyuris simpsoni can be discriminated from all other four species of pinworms infecting mouse and fat-tailed opossums based on the configuration of the stoma and the relatively short spicule and gubernaculum. The stoma of T. simpsoni is separated from the cephalic plate by a terminal rim, it is in a shallow terminal depression and it has the appearance of a very irregular semicircular structure (Figs. 1 and 8). The postcloacal cuticle of males shows ornamentation immediately posterior to the cloaca, just anterior to the pair of submedial papillae (Fig. 2). Finally, both spicule and gubernaculum are relatively short. The eggs of Tlacuatzoxyuris remain unknown.

Tlacuatzoxyuris simpsoni can be differentiated from D. thylamisis based on four main characteristics. First, the relative and absolute size of the spicules and gubernaculum are larger in D. thylamisis than in the homologous structures in T. simpsoni. Second, the cuticle immediately posterior to the cloaca of T. simpsoni has ornamentation limited to a small patch between the cloaca and the submedial papillae (Fig. 2), whereas tubercle-like bumps are present on the surface of the cuticle posterior to the submedial papillae of D. thylamisis (Fig. 13). Third, the cephalic vesicle of females of T. simpsoni is not very well developed and the cuticle is simple, lacking the characteristic complex reticulated network of vesicles seen in the type specimens of D. thylamisis. Finally, the stoma of T. simpsoni is subterminal and surrounded by an irregular cuticle (Figs. 1 and 8), whereas the homologous structure appears to be depressed, covered by cuticular flaps and endowed with esophageal teeth in D. thylamisis (see Figs. 1B, C, and 4A, C in Gardner and Hugot [12].

thumbnail Figure 13

Male, Didelphoxyuris thylamisis, showing extension of postcloacal ornamentation.

Tlacuatzoxyuris simpsoni can be readily distinguished from M. dollmeiri in that the latter bears a prominent caudal terminus that emerges from the cuticle, and because the cuticle surrounding the stoma features three lips. The terminus in T. simpsoni is non-salient, a trait shared with the other three monotypic genera. The species described herein features three esophageal teeth, an arrangement that contrasts with the four teeth described in N. venusti. In addition, males of the latter species feature up to six pairs of small precloacal papillae. Finally, T. simpsoni can be discriminated from G. agilisis in that the stoma of the latter presents three or more divisions described as lips, as well as a weakly developed cephalic vesicle. The divisions around the stoma appear to be cuticular flaps that cover the stoma. These are divided in some of the specimens observed with the aid of SEM [8, 24].

For didelphimorph-dwelling pinworms, the ornamentation of the eggs has been used as an important characteristic to justify the placement of species in monotypic genera. In particular, eggs in Didelphoxyuris are described as non-operculated, whereas the eggs of Gracilioxyuris show three longitudinal ridges with an anterior operculum. This character is of paramount importance in the definition of Gracilioxyuris [8, 24], since both Gracilioxyuris and Didelphoxyuris share similarities on the structure of the cephalic and caudal arrangement of papillae.

No gravid female was collected as a result of our efforts, which yielded a single male from the three screened gray opossums from Tehuantepec and only mature females from the type locality. We predict that the eggs for this species will be operculated as is the case in eggs of M. dollmeiri, N. venusti and G. agilisis. A taxonomic revision based on a reconstruction of the relationships among the opossum-dwelling pinworms is necessary to clarify homologous characters defining the monotypic genera.

The single specimen collected from Oaxaca likely belongs to a different species, based on the characteristics of the spicules, distance of the area rugosa to anterior end and the shape of the cephalic vesicle. However, the characterization of the species requires a description of character variability of the cephalic plate and vesicle, the arrangement of the caudal papillae and configuration of the structures present in females. Thus, we are unable to present a description at this time. Interestingly, the presence of this second pinworm species mirrors the splitting of the marsupial host lineage [3]. The pinworms herein documented infected individuals collected from two different clades that represent the geographic clusters of the Balsas basin and the Tehuantepec Isthmus.

Because there is a bias towards the study of common species, we urge colleagues to document the diversity of metazoan parasites associated with all didelphimorph marsupials. The greatest species diversity of didelphimorph marsupials includes small sized opossums, most of which are arboreal or are restricted to small areas in the tropical forests [4, 6]. We urge the examination of preserved mammalian guts available in scientific collections to continue reconstructing the biological inventory of their symbionts, which includes parasites. In addition, we recommend that scientists working in the field should preserve the parasites or the tissues of freshly caught mammals in the field and link both parasite and host through a relational database [10]. The completion of this parasite inventory will give us an opportunity to better understand the expansion of the marsupials and their pathogens as they were both involved in the Great American Biotic Interchange and may be involved in subsequent events of dispersion or translocation.

Acknowledgments

We thank Luis García and Dr. Gabor Racz, respectively, collection managers of the Colección Nacional de Helmintos (CNHE) and the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology (HWML), and Dr. Robert Voss, curator of the Division of Mammalogy of the American Museum of Natural History for allowing the helminthological examination of specimens under his care. Specimens collected in Bolivia were secured through NSF BSR-9024816, DEB-9496263 and DBI-0646356, NATO Grant CRG No. 920612. Collaboration was supported by NSF-DUE 1564969 and Programa Integral de Fortalecimiento Institucional of the Universidad Autónoma de Morelos (PIFI-UAEM 2010–2011). Open Access supported by the SIU COPE fund.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

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Cite this article as: Jiménez FA, Caspeta-Mandujano JM & Albino-Miranda S. 2019. A new genus and species of pinworm (Nematoda, Oxyuridae) from the gray mouse opossum, Tlacuatzin canescens. Parasite 26, 50.

All Tables

Table 1

Information on gray mouse opossums and Mexican mouse opossums examined for pinworms. Specimens were collected in Oaxaca, Mexico and accessioned in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY.

In the text
Table 2

Measurements of type specimens used in the characterization and description of Tlacuatzoxyuris simpsoni, parasite of the gray opossum Tlacuatzin canescens (Allen, 1893) endemic to Mexico. Specimens were collected in the locality of Cruz Pintada, Morelos (18°27′58″N, 99°2′16″W, 1016 m), with the exception of AMNH IZC 331457, Tlacuatzoxyuris sp., from Las Tejas: Oaxaca (16°21′3.69″N, 95°20′3.86″W, 117 m).

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Figures 1, 2

Tlacuatzoxyuris simpsoni n. gen. n. sp., male. (1) cephalic plate showing relative placement of papillae, amphids (white arrows), rim around stoma and teeth; scale bar = 10 μm. (2) Ventral view of tail, showing paired papillae and postcloacal cuticular ornamentation; scale bar = 25 μm.
In the text
thumbnail Figures 3–6

Tlacuatzoxyuris simpsoni n. gen. n. sp., male. (3) lateral view of whole body; scale bar = 200 μm. (4) Cross section at midbody, showing double crested lateral alae; scale bar = 50 μm. (5) Lateral view of tail, arrow shows phasmid emerging from pedunculated papilla; scale bar = 100 μm. (6) Ventral view of tail, showing arrangement of papillae; scale bar = 50 μm.
In the text
thumbnail Figures 7–12

Tlacuatzoxyuris simpsoni n. gen. n. sp., female. (7) Ventral view of whole body; scale bar = 300 μm. (8) Face view, showing teeth and continuous cuticle surrounding stoma; scale bar = 20 μm. (9) Esophagus, showing relative position of nerve ring, scale bar = 100 μm. Cross sections at level of (10) vulva, (11) midbody, and (12) slightly anterior to anus; scale bar = 50 μm.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 13

Male, Didelphoxyuris thylamisis, showing extension of postcloacal ornamentation.
In the text

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