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Table 2
Methods to determine (oo)cyst viability and their application in exposure assessment.
| Methods | Parasites | Applications | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Detection in naturally contaminated samples | Agreement with infectivity assays | Determination of the efficacy of control measuresa | Agreement with infectivity assays | ||
| Excystation Ability of trophozoites / sporozoites to escape from the cysts / oocysts after stimulation |
Cp | Drinking water [80] | NA | Simple matrixb: | |
| H2O2-based disinfectants [176] | – | ||||
| Chlorine [29], Chlorine dioxide, Monochloramine [129] | – | ||||
| Ozone [29,34,73,129] | – | ||||
| Ammonia [116] | – | ||||
| Liming, alum and ferric sulfate floccing [183] | NA | ||||
| UV [77,89,123,154,158] | − | ||||
| Freezing [183] | NA | ||||
| Storage at 4 °C and 10 °C (8 w) [142] | – | ||||
| Dessication [183] | NA | ||||
| G | NA | NA | Simple matrix: | ||
| Vinegar (acetic acid 4%) à 4 °C et 21 °C [45] | NA | ||||
| UV [84] | – | ||||
| Storage at 4 °C (up to 56 d) [25] | NA | ||||
| Vital dye-exclusion (propidium iodide) Ability of cells to exclude the dye (membrane intact cells) & staining of dead cells |
Cp | Wastewater [6] | NA | Simple matrix: | |
| Surface water [190] | − § | H2O2-based disinfectants [176] | – | ||
| Marine water [191] | NA | Chlorine [29] | – | ||
| Drinking water [6] | NA | Ozone [29,34] | – | ||
| Cockles, mussels, clams [90] | NA | Ammonia [116] Liming, alum and ferric sulfate floccing [183] |
– NA |
||
| Oysters [90,191] | NA | UV [77,89,154,158] | +/− | ||
| Freeze-thaw [121] | NA | ||||
| Freezing [183] | NA | ||||
| Storage 4 °C and 20 °C (12 w) [166] | NA | ||||
| Dessication [183] | NA | ||||
| G | Drinking and wastewater [6] | NA | Simple matrix: | ||
| UV [37,84,162] | – | ||||
| Gamma radiation [203] | – | ||||
| Storage 4 °C (up to 56 d) [24] | NA | ||||
| RT-PCR Ability of cells to produce mRNA |
Cp | NA | NA | Simple matrix: | |
| H2O2 [hsp70] [144] | NA | ||||
| Chlorine, Chlorine dioxide, MOS [hsp70, β-tubulin] [15,97] | – | ||||
| Ozone [hsp70] [97] | NA | ||||
| Ammonia [hsp70] [144] | NA | ||||
| Heat 60 °C to 95 °C [hsp70] [97,209] | – | ||||
| Freeze [hsp70] [97] | NA | ||||
| Storage 15 °C (9 m) [cpag] [114,115] | +/− | ||||
| Storage 4 °C (48 m) [hsp70] [144] | NA | ||||
| Storage RT and 4 °C (20 to 39 w) [β-tubulin] [226] | + | ||||
| Food matrix: | |||||
| Storage 4 °C (8 d) − Basil [hsp70] [104] | NA | ||||
| G | Wastewater [17,24] | NA | Simple matrix: | ||
| Heat 60 °C to 95 °C [β-giardin] [209] | – | ||||
| Food matrix: | |||||
| Storage 4 °C (8 d) − Basil [β-giardin] [104] | NA | ||||
| T | NA | NA | Simple matrix: | ||
| Chlorine-based disinfectant [sporoSAG, ACT1] [218] | + | ||||
| Acidified ethanol and iodophore-based disinfectant | + | ||||
| [sporoSAG, ACT1] [218] | |||||
| Formalin [sporoSAG, ACT1] [218] | – | ||||
| UV [sporoSAG, ACT1] [223] | – | ||||
| Heat 60 °C to 80 °C [sporoSAG, ACT1] [209,218] | – | ||||
| Food matrix: | |||||
| Storage 4 °C (8 d) − Basil [sporoSAG] [104] | NA | ||||
| FISH Ability of cells to produce rRNA |
Cp | Water [138] Oysters [93] |
NA NA |
Simple matrix: Gamma irradiation [185] |
NA |
| Storage 15 °C (9 m) [93] | – | ||||
| G | Water [138] | NA | NA | NA | |
| PMA-PCR Ability of cells to exclude PMA (membrane intact cells) & no mplification in dead cells |
Cp | Water [149] | NA | Simple matrix: | |
| H2O2 [144] | NA | ||||
| Ammonia [144] | NA | ||||
| Heat 70 °C [33] | NA | ||||
| Storage at RT (14 m) [33] | NA | ||||
| Storage 4 °C (up to 48 m) [hsp70] [144] | NA | ||||
| G | Water [149] | NA | NA | NA | |
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