Review of West Nile virus circulation and outbreak risk in Madagascar: Entomological and ornithological perspectives

Open Access

Review

Table 1.

Biology, vector competence, and vector status of Malagasy mosquito species naturally/experimentally associated with WNV in Madagascar.

Species	Natural infection (Ni)			Biology		Vector competence (Vc)				Vector statuts	References
	Locality	Date	Biotope^µ	FB	Density	IR	Dose	TR	Dose	Vector statuts	Ni	Biology	Vc
*Ad. madagascarica*	Madagascar	Nov-12	Lake	O	LAb					CV	[75]	[15]
*Ae. albocephalus*	Madagascar	Dec-82	Forest	GF	LAb					CV	[34]	[34, 106]
Ae. dalzieli	Senegal			GF	R					PV	[1]	[127]
*Ae. madagascarensis*	Madagascar	July-83	Forest	A	R					PV	[34]	[34]
*Ae. circumluteolus*	Madagascar	Dec-82	Forest	A	LAb					CV	[34]	[65, 106, 127]
*Ae. aegypti*	Madagascar	Nov-82	Forest	A	LAb	16%	10^7.2±0.3 PFU/mL	≤16%	10^7.2±0.3 PFU/mL	CV	[34]	[4, 34]	[134]
Ae. albopictus	USA			A^*	Ab	90%	10^7.2±0.3 PFU/mL	73%	10^7.2±0.3 PFU/mL	CV	[135]	[34]	[134]
*An. coustani*	Madagascar	Nov-12	Lake	GF^*	Ab					CV	[75]	[127]
*An. brunnipes*	Madagascar	May- 88	Village	A	R					PV	[34]	[124]
*An. maculipalpis*	Madagascar	Dec-85	Village	GF	LAb					PV	[34]	[34]
*An. pauliani*	Madagascar	Jun-13	Village	GF	LAb					PV	[75]	[14]
Cq. metallica	Uganda			A	R					PV	[116]	[66, 127]
Cx. poicilipes	Senegal			GF	Ab					PV	[131]	[127]
*Cx. antennatus*	Madagascar	Mar-88	Village	GF^*	Ab					CV	[34]	[127]
*Cx. decens*	Madagascar	Feb, April, Dec-85	Forest edge	GF^*	Ab					CV	[34]	[34, 129]
Cx. guiarti	Ivory Coast			A	R					PV	[1]	[34]
Cx. neavei	Sengal			GF	R					PV	[131]	[32]
Cx. pipiens	USA			GF	LAb	17–100%	10^{5.2 ±0.2}–10^7.1±0.1 PFU/mL	2–33%	10^{5.2 ±0.2}–10^7.1±0.1 PFU/mL	CV	[20]	[127]	[38, 134]
*Cx. quinquefasciatus*	Madagascar	Feb-86	Forest egde	GF^*	Ab	8–86%	10^7.1±0.1 PFU/mL	2–52%	10^7.1±0.1 PFU/mL	MV	[34]	[34]	[38]
*Cx. scottii* ⁺	Madagascar	July-83	Village	A	R					PV	[34]	[34]
*Cx. tritaeniorhynchus*	Madagascar	Dec-82	Forest	GF^*	Ab	10–90%	10^0.79–10^2.87 SMICLD50/mL	100%	10^−1.06 SMICLD50/mL	MV	[34]	[14]	[48]
*Cx. univittatus*	Madagascar	Feb-86	Forest egde	GF	Ab	51%	10^5.8–7.2 PFU/mL	100%	7.0 log 10 CPD50/mL	MV	[34]	[127]	[25, 70]
*Cx. vansomereni*					R	42%	10^5.8–7.2 PFU/mL		17–100%			[129]	[70]
Cx. weschei	CAR			A	R					PV	[24]	[34]
Lt. tigripes	CAR				R					PV	[116]	[129]
Ma. africana	Senegal			A	R	50%	10^5.8–7.2 PFU/mL			PV	[1]	[34]	[70]
*Ma. uniformis*	Madagascar	June-13	Lake	GF^*	Ab	43%	10^5.8–7.2 PFU/mL			MV	[75]	[75]	[70]
Mi. hispida	Senegal			A	R					PV	[131]	[127]
Mi. splendens	Senegal			unknown	R					PV	[131]	[127]

In bold are mosquitoes found naturally infected with WNV in Madagascar.

⁺

This species was not specified and is morphologically close to Culex scottii [34].

Ni: natural infection, Locality: place where a mosquito was found naturally WNV-positive, USA: United States of America, CAR: Central African Republic. Date: periods of WNV detection in Madagascar in mosquitoes, Biotope: biotope where the mosquitoes found WNV-positive were collected, Lake: village around lake.

FB: feeding behavior, O: ornithophilic, Z: zoophilic (ruminants), A: anthropophilic, GF: general feeder (Z, O, A).

Ab: abundant, LAb: locally abundant, R: rare species.

Mosquitoe species captured under shrubs and undergrowth during the day [34].

Vc: Vector competence (infection rate: IR, transmission rate: TR). CPD50: cytopathic dose 50, SMICLD50: suckling mouse intracerebral 50% lethal doses, PFU: plaque-forming unit.

MV: major WNV vector, CV: candidate vector, PV: potential vector.

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