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All issues Volume 23 (2016) Parasite, 23 (2016) 9 Full HTML
Open Access
Issue
Parasite
Volume 23, 2016
Article Number 9
Number of page(s) 10
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2016009
Published online 08 March 2016

© J.M. Weirich et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2016

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction

Trichostrongyloidea is the richest superfamily of nematodes both in the number of genera and species [5, 6]. They infect the stomach and small intestine of all terrestrial vertebrates. Their classification and taxonomy are chiefly based on features of the caudal bursa and synlophe [6, 9, 10]. Trichostrongyles featuring a caudal bursa type of 2-2-1, oblique axis of orientation of ridges of synlophe, and tails devoid of a spine are typically assigned to Heligmonellidae. These nematodes are found in talpoid insectivores, lagomorphs, and rodents, and have a cosmopolitan distribution [6]. The combination of characters in the caudal bursa and the number and orientation of ridges in the synlophe are used in the identification of genera in this family. Among them, Guerrerostrongylus Sutton and Durette-Desset, 1991 was proposed to include species with a minimum of 40 longitudinal ridges (slender and slightly salient, less numerous toward anterior end); long dorsal ray and ray 6 (postero-lateral); and females with not bent tails, partially covered with an invaginated cuticle [20]. Species included in Guerrerostrongylus share several traits with species in Hassalstrongylus Durette-Desset, 1971: however, the larger number of ridges in the synlophe and the relatively long size of the dorsal ray of the former have acted as reliable characters [7, 18, 20]. Guerrerostrongylus includes four known species that infect sigmodontine and caviomorph rodents throughout the eastern half of South America. These include the type species G. uruguayensis Sutton and Durette-Desset, 1991, G. zetta (Travassos, 1937), G. gomesae Simões, dos Santos and Maldonado, 2012, and G. ulysi Digiani, Notarnicola, and Navone, 2012. Guerrerostrongylus uruguayensis is found in Oligoryzomys flavescens (Waterhouse) from Uruguay and Akodon simulator (Thomas) from Argentina [2, 20]. Guerrerostrongylus zetta (Travassos, 1937) is found in Oligoryzomys nigripes (Olfers), Akodon cursor Winge, Cerradomys subflavus (Wagner), Euryoryzomys russatus (Wagner), Nectomys squamipes (Brants), Oligoryzomys eliurus (Wagner) and the caviomorphs Galea spixii (Wagler) and Thrichomys pachiurus Wagner from Argentina and Brazil [3, 18, 19, 22]. Guerrerostrongylus gomesae Simões, dos Santos and Maldonado, 2012 is found in O. mamorae Thomas in southwestern Brazil [18], whereas G. ulysi infects Sooretamys angouya (Fischer) from northeastern Argentina [3].

Herein we present the description of a new species of nematode that combines characteristics of both Hassalstrongylus Durette-Desset, 1971 and Guerrerostrongylus, yet it is assigned to the latter based on the number of ridges in the synlophe and the relatively long dorsal ray featured by males. The species was collected from the small intestine of the Guianan arboreal mouse, Oecomys auyantepui Tate, an arboreal and graminivorous sigmodontine rodent that is found throughout the Guiana Shield; these rodents are considered medium-sized with an average adult body mass of 40 g [1, 23]. In French Guiana, O. auyantepui is known through 60 preserved specimens from a dozen localities (unpublished data), within the large continuous track of primary rainforests; most collected animals have been caught in traps tied to lianas 1.0–1.5 m above the ground. The present findings constitute the first record of any endoparasite in this species of rodent. This new taxon is the fifth species in the genus and the uniqueness of its characters merits an emendation to the diagnosis of the genus that builds up in the variation in the number of ridges in the synlophe and the appearance of the bursal rays.

Materials and methods

Eight Guianan arboreal mice, O. auyantepui, were captured in primary forest between 6 and 25 June 2011 in the locality of Cacao, French Guiana (04°33′ N, 52°26′ W). The individuals were caught in four different locations along a transect of approximately 1500 m in the well-drained Terra Firme forests (non-inundated by flooded rivers). The transect went through ridgetops and hillsides of old secondary and primary forests spanning elevations from 110 to 200 m above sea level. Other species of non-volant mammals caught during June 2011 in syntopy with the studied O. auyantepui were Didelphis marsupialis L., Marmosa demerarae (Thomas), and Philander opossum (L.) (Didelphidae); Hylaeamys megacephalus (Fischer), Neacomys paracou Voss, Lunde, and Simmons, and Rhipidomys nitela (Thomas) (Sigmodontinae); Proechimys cuvieri Petter, P. guyannensis (E. Geoffroy), and Mesomys hispidus (Desmarest) (Echimyidae). These mammals were collected using wire-mesh BTS traps and Sherman traps baited with peanut butter and local fruits and were placed in trees at different heights between 1 and 2 m as well as on the ground. The mammals were handled following the ethical chart of the American Society of Mammalogists [17]. Gastrointestinal contents were preserved in 70% ethanol and transported to the laboratory to be examined for helminths. Preservation, clearing, and mounting of parasites followed Pritchard and Kruse [14]. All helminths were preserved in 70% ethanol and kept under refrigeration.

Voucher specimens and paratypes of G. zetta (CHIOC7447, 35589), G. gomesae (CHIOC35667), Hassalstrongylus epsilon (Travassos, 1937) (CHIOC31608 31882), and H. luquei Costa, Maldonado, Bóia, Lucio, and Simões, 2014 (CHIOC35928) were borrowed from the Coleção Helmintológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (CHIOC). Type specimens were deposited in the Collection Helminthologique du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN), CHIOC, the Colección Nacional de Helmintos of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City (CNHE), and the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, US (HWML).

Nematodes were cleared in lactophenol and mounted on temporary slides; all measurements are in micrometers. For each character, the range is given first, followed by the average, coefficient of variation, and sample size (when different from the number of specimens used in the description). All measurements of holotype, allotype, and paratypes are available at http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/zool_data/9/. Mammalian specimens used in the helminthological examinations are part of the holdings of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève, Switzerland (MHNG), and the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN).

Genomic DNA was extracted, isolated, and purified from three vouchered nematodes following standard protocols [12, 16]. These aliquots were used as a template to amplify a fragment of the mitochondrial gene coding for the large ribosomal subunit RNA (rrnL); the primers and thermal profile used to complete the reactions, as well as the postamplification processing of these fragments, are identical to those described elsewhere [11, 16]. Published sequences of available herpetostrongyles, heligmosomoids, heligmonellids, and viannaids were downloaded from GenBank, aligned using Clustal Omega (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/clustalo/) and analyzed for phylogenetic signal using Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood as optimality criteria in PAUP* v4.b10 [21]. For the latter, the GTR + G model of evolution – estimated with jModelTest [13] – was enforced. To test for branch support, 1,000 bootstrap replicates were performed using a heuristic search. The posterior probability of all branches was calculated using MrBayes v3.2.5 [15], which ran for 10 million generations with resampling every 1,000 iterations for a final burn-in of 25%. The remaining trees were used to reconstruct the consensus. The matrix including the alignment and command lines used in both approaches is available at (http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/zool_data/8/).

Results

Guerrerostrongylus Sutton and Durette-Desset, 1991

Heligmonellidae. Medium-sized worms, with females reaching or exceeding 8 mm. Synlophe with at least 40 continuous cuticular ridges at midbody, sporadically 35 in males. Height of ridges in anterior half of the body unequal, height of ridges of similar size in posterior half. Caudal bursa sub-symmetrical, with ample dorsal lobe; ray 6 (postero-lateral) projected posteriad, dorsal ray long; ray 8 (externo-dorsal) usually shorter than dorsal ray. Bursal pattern of type 2-2-1 or 2-2-1 tending to 1-3-1. Genital cone not enlarged. Posterior end of female not bent; vulva opens near posterior end, tail tapers to a blunt end.

Type species: Guerrerostrongylus uruguayensis.

Other species: Guerrerostrongylus zetta, G. gomesae, and G. ulysi.

Hosts: Caviidae, Cricetidae, Echimyidae.

Site of infection: Small intestine.

Biogeographic region: Neotropics (Argentina, Brazil, French Guiana, Uruguay).

Guerrerostrongylus marginalis n. sp. (Figs. 1–12)

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4E636892-FA72-4894-9812-0E92610F4AB8

Type host: Guianan arboreal mouse, Oecomys auyantepui Tate, 1939 (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae). Symbiotype [8]: field number V-2934 collected on 09 June 2011 near Cacao, French Guiana, MHNG-1979.066.

Other hosts: Hylaeamys megacephalus (Fischer).

Type locality: France: French Guiana: Cacao: (Municipality of Roura): 04°33′708 N; 52°26′590 W; altitude 197 m.

Prevalence, mean, and range of intensity: 100%, 35, 4–132. One worm in H. megacephalus.

Site of infection: Small intestine.

Specimens deposited: Holotype and allotype MNHN 89YT, paratypes MNHN 90YT, 91YT, 92YT; CHIOC 38104–05, HWML 91932–34, CNHE9092.

Etymology: The species name, marginalis, refers to the extension of ray 8 (externo-dorsal), which reaches the posterior margin of the bursa.

Description

General: Slender, medium-sized nematodes. Sexually dimorphic, body slightly coiled, females larger than males. Well-developed cephalic vesicle (Figs. 1, 3). Stoma triangular, dorsal esophageal tooth not projected toward lumen (Figs. 3–5), two amphids and four submedian cephalic papillae, only two externolabial papillae were observed in both male and female (Figs. 4, 5).

thumbnail Figures 1–6.

Guerrerostrongylus marginalis n. sp. 1, Ventral view of the anterior end of male, showing cephalic vesicle, esophagus, nerve ring, deirids (indicated by arrows), and excretory pore (between deirids). 2, Posterior end of a paratype, showing caudal bursa, genital cone, and spicules. 3, Lateral view of cephalic vesicle and stoma with esophageal tooth (upper left) not projected toward lumen. 4, Apical view of a female featuring dorsal tooth and triangular stoma. 5, Apical view of a male, showing dorsal tooth and triangular stoma. 6, Posterior end of a paratype showing cuticular invagination covering vulva, vulva, anus, ovejector, infundibulum, eggs in uterus, and tail.

Synlophe (based on 5 males and 7 females): With continuous ridges, beginning just posterior to cephalic vesicle ending immediately anterior to vulva and bursa. Ventral and dorsal ridges straight, lateral ridges converge in space between deirids and cephalic vesicle. Left ridges slightly smaller than rest, especially in anterior half; orientation of ridges subfrontal, ridges on ventro-dextral and dorsodextral quadrants oriented to the left. Ridges more numerous at midbody. At level of esophagus, males feature 37–39 ridges (Fig. 7) and females 36–46 ridges (Fig. 10); at midbody, males feature 36–45 ridges (n = 3; Fig. 8) and females 36–45 ridges (Fig. 11). Finally, males feature 34–44 ridges at level of spicules (n = 4; Fig. 9) and females 25–45 ridges at level of distal uterus (Fig. 12).

thumbnail Figures 7–12.

Guerrerostrongylus marginalis n. sp., orientation of all sections is dorsal side toward the top of page, ventral side toward the bottom of page. 7–9, Synlophe of male paratype, scale bar 30 μm. 7, At level of esophagus. 8, At midbody. 9, At posterior end, showing spicules. 9–11 Synlophe of female paratype, scale bar = 50 μm. 10, At level of esophagus. 11, At midbody. 12, At proximal portion of uterus.

Male: (measurements based on 25 specimens, unless otherwise noted): Body length 4,156–6,741 (5,437, 15%, n = 23), width at midbody 151–266 (203, 20%, n = 23); cephalic vesicle 44–89 (70, 14%) long and 33–74 (46, 17%) wide; excretory pore, deirids, and nerve ring situated at 174–388 (269, 24%, n = 13), 178–393 (253, 26%, n = 9), and 139–282 (187, 29%, n = 6) from anterior end, respectively; esophagus 320–419 (361, 8%, n = 16) long, 23–54 (32, 25%, n = 15) wide (Fig. 1). Caudal bursa sub-symmetrical, with right lobe slightly larger, dorsal lobe with cleft, ray pattern 2-2-1 tending to 1-3-1. Ray 2 directed anteriad, curved medially. Ray 3 longer than ray 2, straight, reaching bursal margin (Fig. 2). Ray 4 slightly longer than ray 5, both divergent, ray 4 directed anteriad, ray 5 slightly curved posteriad. Ray 6 directed posteriad, not reaching bursal margin. Ray 8 arising from proximal quarter of dorsal ray, reaching bursal margin. Dorsal ray long, divided at about distal quarter into two branches, each bifurcates into rays 9 (external branches) and rays 10 (internal branches). Conspicuous genital cone 51–91 (65, 15%) long, 34–95 (67, 20%, n = 24). Spicules thin, subequal, right spicule 544–829 (687, 12%, n = 22) long, 5–11 (8, 18%, n = 22) width; left spicule 545–825 (686, 12%, n = 21), 6–13 (8, 23%, n = 21). Gubernaculum 21–39 (28, 16%, n = 24) long, 13–24 (19, 14%, n = 21) wide (Fig. 2).

Female (measurements based on 35 specimens, unless otherwise noted): Body length 5,070–12,417 (8,635, 23%), width at posterior end 129–432 (261, 28%); cephalic vesicle 50–97 (73, 15%, n = 33) long and 38–89 (50, 20%, n = 33) wide; excretory pore, deirids, and nerve ring situated at 156–389 (263, 21%, n = 25), 207–402 (275, 17%, n = 15), 154–254 (178, 23%, n = 6) from anterior end, respectively. Esophagus 303–468 (381, 13%, n = 27) long, 29–75 (40, 24%, n = 23) wide. Monodelphic. Vulva 232–466 (342, 18%) from caudal end; short vagina 38–88 (50, 20%, n = 32), connected to vestibule 91–205 (138, 17%) long and 35–82 (59, 22%) wide; sphincter 22–70 (34, 35%) long, 16–74 (28, 48%) wide, connected to infundibulum 44–259 (153, 30%, n = 33) (Fig. 6). Uterus 1,114–2,020 (1,507, 17%, n = 10), containing 70–201 eggs (110, 39%, n = 11). Eggs 50–72 (59, 8%, n = 216) long by 30–60 (36, 11%, n = 216) wide. Tail conical, not curved. Distance from cuticular invagination and anus to distal end 141–356 (233, 21%, n = 33), and 50–86 (62, 15%, n = 28), respectively.

Differential diagnosis

Guerrerostrongylus marginalis is different from the other four species in the genus in the extension of ray 8 relative to rays 9 and 10. In G. marginalis, ray 8 extends more posteriorly than rays 9 and 10, yet all reach the posterior margin of the bursa; in all other species, ray 8 appears to be shorter than rays 9 and 10, and consequently, rays 8 do not reach the posterior margin of the bursa. Also, the length of the dorsal ray in G. marginalis represents 50% of the length of the caudal bursa, whereas in most of the species in the genus this proportion is greater than 60%. This characteristic makes the dorsal lobe to appear “long” relative to the length of the bursa. In addition, both dorsal ray and ray 6 of G. marginalis appear to be proportionally shorter than rays 3–5 and therefore, to the caudal bursa.

Other characters that assist in the discrimination of G. marginalis from other species in the genus include a combination of the relative size of the spicules, size of genital cone, length of the uterus, and size of eggs (Table 1). A comparison against each species follows. First, G. ulysi features a proportionally longer dorsal ray that causes rays 9 and 10 to extend farther posteriad than rays 6 and 8; in G. ulysi the length of the dorsal ray represents 60% of the length of the caudal bursa. Second, G. marginalis can be discriminated from G. zetta in the relative length of rays 6 and 8, in addition, the dorsal ray is 70% of the length of the caudal bursa. Regarding traits in females, the vulva in G. zetta appears to be closer to the posterior end than the vulva of G. marginalis. Third, the dorsal ray in G. uruguayensis is 65% the length of the caudal bursa; in contrast, the genital cone is very small in G. uruguayensis (14 × 9 versus 71 × 72 in G. marginalis). Interestingly, both uterus and vestibule are longer in G. uruguayensis (2,500 and 350, respectively) than the homologous structures in G. marginalis (2,020 and 205, respectively). Finally, the most similar species to G. marginalis is G. gomesae, yet both can be discriminated because ray 5 of G. gomesae appears to be relatively longer than ray 6. In contrast, the spicules as well as the eggs of G. marginalis tend to be larger. The range for spicules is 544–829 (average 717) for G. marginalis and 310–560 for G. gomesae, whereas the range for their eggs is 31–59 × 25–35 and 50–72 × 30–60, respectively. The number of eggs in the uterus of G. marginalis is greater than the number of eggs in G. gomesae. Another notable difference is the length of the vestibule, which is reportedly shorter in G. gomesae than the homologous structure in G. marginalis (Table 1).

Table 1.

Comparative measurements of diagnostic traits for males in Guerrerostrongylus Sutton and Durette-Desset, 1991. For G. marginalis the range is followed by measurements of the type. Values in parentheses include structures measured in three paratypes of G. gomesae. All measurements are in μm.

Molecular results

The phylogenetic reconstruction based on the mitochondrial gene rrnL is shown in Figure 13. This tree is the consensus resulting from the estimation of the posterior probabilities of the branches. The analysis of the dataset using parsimony and Maximum Likelihood results in six and three trees, respectively. The trees obtained using Maximum Likelihood are essentially the same, since the only difference is the reciprocal position of the specimens identified as G. marginalis. The six trees generated with parsimony as optimality criterion have a length of 1,411 steps and a consistency index of 0.43, resulting from the analysis of 347 parsimony informative characters; these trees vary in the position of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, and Austrostrongylus victoriensis, relative to species of Travassostrongylus and Viannaia. Nevertheless, the monophyly of G. marginalis is supported in all three analyses (Fig. 12). This species appears to be clustered with the heligmonellid Hassalstrongylus sp. and Stilestrongylus sp., in a clade that shows a strong support of 100% and a posterior probability of 1.

thumbnail Figure 13.

Placement of Guerrerostrongylus marginalis n. sp., relative to available heligmonellid nematodes. The phylogenetic tree (based on a fragment of the mitochondrial gene coding for the large ribosomal subunit RNA – rrnL-) represents the consensus used to calculate the posterior probability of the branches. Posterior probability is to the right of each node. Bootstrap support values are indicated to the left of the node, with values for Maximum Likelihood support over those obtained by parsimony.

Discussion

The configuration of the caudal bursa of G. marginalis resembles the homologous structure in some species of Hassalstrongylus. This is because the extension of the dorsal ray appears to be 50% the length of the caudal bursa, ray 8 extends more posteriad than rays 9 and 10, and the extension of rays 4 through 6 gives the caudal bursa the appearance of an irregular trapezoid. The perception of the overall shape of the caudal bursa of G. marginalis seems to differ from the caudal bursa of other members of Guerrerostrongylus, which was described as ellipsoidal, rectangular, or heart-shaped [3, 18]. Irrespective of the interpretation of the shape of the bursa, the overall symmetry in all five species is sub-symmetrical as described in Durette-Desset and Digiani [7]. Additionally, the number of ridges in the synlophe, the size variation of these ridges, and the posterior end of the females are typical of Guerrerostrongylus.

The original diagnosis of the genus was based on two species that bear striking morphological resemblances, namely G. uruguayensis and G. zetta. Since its original description [20], the diagnosis has been translated into English [9], yet this diagnosis predates the description of three more species (G. gomesae, G. ulysi, and G. marginalis) that show more variability in some of the characters used for the diagnosis, including the size of the worms, the number of ridges in the synlophe, and the relative size of rays 6, 8, and dorsal (including rays 9 and 10). For example, ray 6 in G. ulysi is not as long as the homologous structure in G. uruguayensis and G. zetta. Furthermore, the number of ridges at midbody in the synlophe of males of G. gomesae can be 36 [18], which is also the case for G. marginalis. Although the proposed changes are minor, the emended diagnosis we present accounts for the variability observed in the number of ridges and the sub-symmetrical shape of the caudal bursa. The direct observation of paratypes of G. gomesae allows the detection of minor inconsistencies in the measurements of the vagina, vestibule, and sphincters. The range for these measurements is noted in parentheses in Table 1, and it also includes the number of eggs counted in the uteri of two paratypes. Digiani et al. [4] have shown that this value, as well as the length of the uterus, are reliable characters to assist in the discrimination of syntopic species of Hassalstrongylus. This suggests that the statistical analyses of meristic data may yield unexpected useful characters in species discrimination. With the expectation that other scientists can complete these tests, we have made the measurements for the type specimens universally available (http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/zool_data/9).

For the completion of the present work, specimens of G. zetta collected from Oligoryzomys nigripes (Olfers) in Argentina were kindly provided by Dr. Mike Kinsella. Unfortunately, attempts to amplify DNA from these individuals failed, perhaps as a result of their previous contact with clearing reagents. As a consequence, the relationship of G. marginalis with the rest of the species, as well as their placement in Heligmonellidae, remains to be tested.

Acknowledgments

Coralie Martin, from the MNHN Paris, provided accession numbers for type specimens. Gabor Racz and Scott Gardner, HWML, provided collection numbers for some of the type specimens. Marcelo Knoff, CHIOC, kindly lent us paratypes of G. gomesea and G. zetta. Ian Beveridge, Ramon Carreno, Mike Kinsella, and Nidia Sandoval graciously provided crucial samples to complete this work. Ed Heist, director of the Conservation Genetics Laboratory of SIU, allowed the use of crucial facilities. Fieldwork in French Guiana was funded by the French National Project ANR 06-SEST-20 IAEL attributed to the MIVEGEC (UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290) laboratory of Montpellier, France.

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Cite this article as: Weirich JM, Catzeflis F & Jiménez FA: Guerrerostrongylus marginalis n. sp. (Trichostrongyloidea: Heligmonellidae) from the Guianan arboreal mouse (Oecomys auyantepui) from French Guiana. Parasite, 2016, 23, 9.

All Tables

Table 1.

Comparative measurements of diagnostic traits for males in Guerrerostrongylus Sutton and Durette-Desset, 1991. For G. marginalis the range is followed by measurements of the type. Values in parentheses include structures measured in three paratypes of G. gomesae. All measurements are in μm.

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Figures 1–6.

Guerrerostrongylus marginalis n. sp. 1, Ventral view of the anterior end of male, showing cephalic vesicle, esophagus, nerve ring, deirids (indicated by arrows), and excretory pore (between deirids). 2, Posterior end of a paratype, showing caudal bursa, genital cone, and spicules. 3, Lateral view of cephalic vesicle and stoma with esophageal tooth (upper left) not projected toward lumen. 4, Apical view of a female featuring dorsal tooth and triangular stoma. 5, Apical view of a male, showing dorsal tooth and triangular stoma. 6, Posterior end of a paratype showing cuticular invagination covering vulva, vulva, anus, ovejector, infundibulum, eggs in uterus, and tail.
In the text
thumbnail Figures 7–12.

Guerrerostrongylus marginalis n. sp., orientation of all sections is dorsal side toward the top of page, ventral side toward the bottom of page. 7–9, Synlophe of male paratype, scale bar 30 μm. 7, At level of esophagus. 8, At midbody. 9, At posterior end, showing spicules. 9–11 Synlophe of female paratype, scale bar = 50 μm. 10, At level of esophagus. 11, At midbody. 12, At proximal portion of uterus.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 13.

Placement of Guerrerostrongylus marginalis n. sp., relative to available heligmonellid nematodes. The phylogenetic tree (based on a fragment of the mitochondrial gene coding for the large ribosomal subunit RNA – rrnL-) represents the consensus used to calculate the posterior probability of the branches. Posterior probability is to the right of each node. Bootstrap support values are indicated to the left of the node, with values for Maximum Likelihood support over those obtained by parsimony.
In the text

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