Parasites and malignancies, a review, with emphasis on digestive cancer induced by Cryptosporidium parvum (Alveolata: Apicomplexa)

Open Access

Review

Table I.

Molecular factors or mechanisms linking parasite-related inflammation with cell transformation or cancer.

Parasite	Pathology in natural (N) or experimental (E) hosts	Activated host transcription factors	Inflammatory cytokines	Procarcinogens or mediators of oxidative response	Change in coding or expression of proteins involved in regulating cell cycle or apoptosis	DNA damage or cytoskeleton alteration
Protozoa
Cryptosporidium parvum	Digestive carcinoma (E)	NF-κB ⁽⁵⁾	IL-6 IL-8 (¹³, ¹⁷)	–	c-Myc, Bcl2 ⁽¹⁵⁾	Host actin remodeling ⁽²³⁾
			IFN-γ ⁽³⁰⁾		Cyclin D1 ⁽⁶⁾
			PGE2 ⁽¹⁴⁾
			TNF-α ⁽¹⁾
Theileria spp.	Lympho-proliferation (N, E)	NF-κB ⁽¹⁰⁾	GM-CSF ⁽²⁾	–	c-Myc ⁽⁷⁾	Cytoskeleton modification (³, ²⁶, ²⁷)
		JNK ⁽⁸⁾			c-Jun ⁽¹⁵⁾
		AP-1 ⁽¹⁶⁾			NF-κB (¹⁰, ²⁶)
		STAT 3 ⁽⁷⁾
Helminthes
Clonorchis sinensis	Cholangiocarcinoma (N, E)	E2F1 ⁽¹²⁾	–	–	Cyclin B ⁽¹²⁾	DNA oxidation ⁽³¹⁾
Opisthorchis viverrini	Cholangiocarcinoma (N, E)	NF-κB ⁽²²⁾	IL-6, IL-8 (²⁰, ²⁹) IL-12 ⁽¹¹⁾	NO (²¹, ²⁸)	–	DNA oxidation (²⁰, ²⁹)
Schistosoma haematobium	Bladder carcinoma (N, E)	–	TNF-α ⁽²⁴⁾	Aflatoxins ⁽²⁵⁾ ROS, NO (¹⁹, ²⁵) N-nitroso compounds ⁽¹⁸⁾	p53 ⁽¹⁷⁾ Bcl2 ⁽⁴⁾ COX-2 ⁽⁹⁾	DNA alkylation ⁽³¹⁾

⁽¹⁾

Barakat et al. (2009);

⁽²⁾

Baumgartner et al. (2000);

⁽³⁾

Baumgartner (2011a);

⁽⁴⁾

Chaudhary et al. (1997);

⁽⁵⁾

Chen et al. (2005);

⁽⁶⁾

Deng et al. (2004);

⁽⁷⁾

Dessauge et al. (2005);

⁽⁸⁾

Dobbelaere et al. (1999);

⁽⁹⁾

El-Sheikh et al. (2001);

⁽¹⁰⁾

Heussler et al. (2002);

⁽¹¹⁾

Jittimanee et al. (2007);

⁽¹²⁾

Kim et al. (2008);

⁽¹³⁾

Laurent et al. (1997);

⁽¹⁴⁾

Laurent et al. (1998);

⁽¹⁵⁾

Liu et al. (2009);

⁽¹⁶⁾

Lizundia et al. (2006);

⁽¹⁷⁾

Maillot et al. (2000);

⁽¹⁸⁾

Mohsen et al. (1999);

⁽¹⁹⁾

Mostafa et al. (1994);

⁽²⁰⁾

Ninlawan et al. (2010);

⁽²¹⁾

Pinlaor et al. (2004);

⁽²²⁾

Pinlaor et al. (2005);

⁽²³⁾

Plattner & Soldati-Favre (2008);

⁽²⁴⁾

Raziuddin et al. (1993);

⁽²⁵⁾

Rosin et al. (1994a);

⁽²⁶⁾

Schmuckli-Maurer et al. (2010);

⁽²⁷⁾

Schneider et al. (2007);

⁽²⁸⁾

Sripa et al. (2007);

⁽²⁹⁾

Sripa et al. (2009);

⁽³⁰⁾

Stephens et al. (1999);

⁽³¹⁾

Vennervald & Polman (2009)

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