EDP Sciences logo
Submit your paper
Search
Menu
All issues Volume 33 (2026) Parasite, 33 (2026) 21 References
Open Access
Issue
Parasite
Volume 33, 2026
Article Number 21
Number of page(s) 15
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2026020
Published online 17 February 2026
  1. Bai SJ, Han LL, Liu RD, Long SR, Zhang X, Cui J, Wang ZQ. 2022. Oral vaccination of mice with attenuated Salmonella encoding Trichinella spiralis calreticulin and serine protease 1.1 confers protective immunity in BALB/c mice. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 16(11), 28. [Google Scholar]
  2. Bai Y, Ma KN, Sun XY, Liu RD, Long SR, Jiang P, Wang ZQ, Cui J. 2021. Molecular characterization of a novel cathepsin L from Trichinella spiralis and its participation in invasion, development and reproduction. Acta Tropica, 224, 13. [Google Scholar]
  3. Cheng YK, Zhang Y, Zhang ZY, Cong PK, Feng JY, Zhang R, Long SR, Zhang X, Wang ZQ, Cui J. 2024. Biological characteristics and functions of a novel glutamate dehydrogenase from Trichinella spiralis. Parasite, 31, 20. [Google Scholar]
  4. Despommier DD. 1998. How does Trichinella spiralis make itself at home? Parasitology Today, 14(8), 318-323. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  5. Dong J, Wu B, Tian WD. 2023. Human adipose tissue-derived small extracellular vesicles promote soft tissue repair through modulating M1-to-M2 polarization of macrophages. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 14(1), 16. [Google Scholar]
  6. Fang JQ, Ou Q, Pan J, Fang J, Zhang DY, Qiu MQ, Li YQ, Wang XH, Yang XY, Chi Z, Gao W, Guo JP, Miethke T, Pan JP. 2021. TcpC inhibits toll-like receptor signaling pathway by serving as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes degradation of myeloid differentiation factor 88. PLoS Pathogens, 17(3), 22. [Google Scholar]
  7. Han CX, Yu J, Zhang ZQ, Zhai P, Zhang Y, Meng S, Yu Y, Li XY, Song MX. 2019. Immunomodulatory effects of Trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory antigens on macrophages. Experimental Parasitology, 196, 68–72. [Google Scholar]
  8. Han LL, Lu QQ, Li YL, Zheng WW, Ren P, Liu RD, Cui J, Wang ZQ. 2024. Application of a recombinant novel trypsin from Trichinella spiralis for serodiagnosis of trichinellosis. Parasites & Vectors, 17(1), 21. [Google Scholar]
  9. Han LL, Lu QQ, Zheng WW, Li YL, Song YY, Zhang XZ, Long SR, Liu RD, Wang ZQ, Cui J. 2024. A novel trypsin of Trichinella spiralis mediates larval invasion of gut epithelium via binding to PAR2 and activating ERK1/2 pathway. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 18(1), 36. [Google Scholar]
  10. Hoesel B, Schmid JA. 2013. The complexity of NF-κB signaling in inflammation and cancer. Molecular Cancer, 12, 86. [Google Scholar]
  11. Hu CX, Xu YXY, Hao HN, Liu RD, Jiang P, Long SR, Wang ZQ, Cui J. 2021. Oral vaccination with recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum encoding Trichinella spiralis inorganic pyrophosphatase elicited a protective immunity in BALB/c mice. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(10), 22. [Google Scholar]
  12. Hu YY, Zhang R, Yan SW, Yue WW, Zhang JH, Liu RD, Long SR, Cui J, Wang ZQ. 2021. Characterization of a novel cysteine protease in Trichinella spiralis and its role in larval intrusion, development and fecundity. Veterinary Research, 52(1), 16. [Google Scholar]
  13. Ilic N, Gruden-Movsesijan A, Sofronic-Milosavljevic L. 2012. Trichinella spiralis: shaping the immune response. Immunologic Research, 52(1–2), 111–119. [Google Scholar]
  14. Ji Y, Li X, Yao X, Sun J, Yi J, Shen Y, Chen B, Sun H. 2025. Macrophage polarization: molecular mechanisms, disease implications, and targeted therapeutic strategies. Frontiers in Immunology, 16, 1732718. [Google Scholar]
  15. Kobpornchai P, Flynn RJ, Reamtong O, Rittisoonthorn N, Kosoltanapiwat N, Boonnak K, Boonyuen U, Ampawong S, Jiratanh M, Tattiyapong M, Adisakwattana P. 2020. A novel cystatin derived from Trichinella spiralis suppresses macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14(4), e0008192. [Google Scholar]
  16. Lee CM, Best Y. 1983. Immunobiology of trichinosis. Journal of the National Medical Association, 75(6), 565–70. [Google Scholar]
  17. Lei JJ, Hu YY, Liu F, Yan SW, Liu RD, Long SR, Jiang P, Cui J, Wang ZQ. 2020. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel peptidase from Trichinella spiralis and protective immunity elicited by the peptidase in BALB/c mice. Veterinary Research, 51(1), 17. [Google Scholar]
  18. Li CY, Bai X, Liu XL, Zhang YY, Liu L, Zhang LX, Xu FY, Yang Y, Liu MY. 2021. Disruption of epithelial barrier of Caco-2 cell monolayers by excretory secretory products of Trichinella spiralis might be related to serine protease. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 10. [Google Scholar]
  19. Liu J, Wang M, Zhao Y. 2025. The regulatory network of transcription factors in macrophage polarization. ImmunoTargets and Therapy, 14, 555–575. [Google Scholar]
  20. Liu RD, Cui J, Liu XL, Jiang P, Sun GG, Zhang X, Long SR, Wang L, Wang ZQ. 2015. Comparative proteomic analysis of surface proteins of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae and intestinal infective larvae. Acta Tropica, 150, 79–86. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Liu RD, Meng XY, Li CL, Lin XZ, Xu QY, Xu H, Long SR, Cui J, Wang ZQ. 2023. Trichinella spiralis cathepsin L damages the tight junctions of intestinal epithelial cells and mediates larval invasion. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 17(12), 19. [Google Scholar]
  22. Liu RD, Meng XY, Li CL, Xu QY, Lin XZ, Dong BR, Ye CY, Miao TT, Si XY, Long SR, Cui J, Wang ZQ. 2023. Trichinella spiralis cathepsin L induces macrophage M1 polarization via the NF-κB pathway and enhances the ADCC killing of newborn larvae. Parasites & Vectors, 16(1), 21. [Google Scholar]
  23. Liu Y, Zhong Y, Zheng BW, Liu Y. 2023. Extracellular vesicles derived from M1 macrophages enhance rat midpalatal suture expansion by promoting initial bone turnover and inflammation. Progress in Orthodontics, 24(1), 13. [Google Scholar]
  24. Lu QQ, Zhang R, Zhang XZ, Wu JY, Cong PK, Long SR, Liu RD, Zhang X, Wang ZQ, Cui J. 2025. A Trichinella spiralis serine protease mediates larva invasion of gut mucosa via inducing enterocyte apoptosis and damaging barrier integrity in mice. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 328, 14. [Google Scholar]
  25. Ma KN, Zhang Y, Zhang ZY, Wang BN, Song YY, Han LL, Zhang XZ, Long SR, Cui J, Wang ZQ. 2023. Trichinella spiralis galectin binding to toll-like receptor 4 induces intestinal inflammation and mediates larval invasion of gut mucosa. Veterinary Research, 54(1), 21. [Google Scholar]
  26. Moebius J, Guha R, Peterson M, Abdi K, Skinner J, Li S, Arora G, Traore B, Rajagopalan S, Long EO, Crompton PD. 2020. PD-1 expression on NK cells in malaria-exposed individuals iIs associated with diminished natural cytotoxicity and enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Infection and Immunity, 88(3), 16. [Google Scholar]
  27. Moskwa B. 1999. Trichinella spiralis: in vitro cytotoxicity of peritoneal cells against synchronous newborn larvae of different age. Parasitology Research, 85(1), 59–63. [Google Scholar]
  28. Murray PJ, Allen JE, Biswas SK, Fisher EA, Gilroy DW, Goerdt S, Gordon S, Hamilton JA, Ivashkiv LB, Lawrence T, Locati M, Mantovani A, Martinez FO, Mege JL, Mosser DM, Natoli G, Saeij JP, Schultze JL, Shirey KA, Sica A, Suttles J, Udalova I, van Ginderachter JA, Vogel SN, Wynn TA. 2014. Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines. Immunity, 41(1), 14–20. [Google Scholar]
  29. Mussbacher M, Derler M, Basílio J, Schmid JA. 2023. NF-κB in monocytes and macrophages – an inflammatory master regulator in multitalented immune cells. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 13. [Google Scholar]
  30. Poteser M, Wakabayashi I. 2004. Serum albumin induces iNOS expression and NO production in RAW 267.4 macrophages. British Journal of Pharmacology, 143(1), 143–151. [Google Scholar]
  31. Poulis N, Martin M, Hoerstrup SP, Emmert MY, Fioretta ES. 2024. Development of an iPSC-derived tissue-resident macrophage-based platform for the in vitro immunocompatibility assessment of human tissue engineered matrices. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 14. [Google Scholar]
  32. Rostami A, Gamble HR, Dupouy-Camet J, Khazan H, Bruschi F. 2017. Meat sources of infection for outbreaks of human trichinellosis. Food Microbiology, 64, 65–71. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Song YN, Xu J, Wang XL, Yang Y, Bai X, Pang JD, Wang XR, Yu MC, Liu MY, Liu XL, Sun SM. 2019. Regulation of host immune cells and cytokine production induced by Trichinella spiralis infection. Parasite, 26, 7. [Google Scholar]
  34. Song YS, Gao N, Yang ZZ, Zhang L, Wang YJ, Zhang SS, Fan TL. 2023. Characteristics, polarization and targeted therapy of mononuclear macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis. American Journal of Translational Research, 15(3), 2109–2121. [Google Scholar]
  35. Song YY, Lu QQ, Han LL, Yan SW, Zhang XZ, Liu RD, Long SR, Cui J, Wang ZQ. 2022. Proteases secreted by Trichinella spiralis intestinal infective larvae damage the junctions of the intestinal epithelial cell monolayer and mediate larval invasion. Veterinary Research, 53(1), 18. [Google Scholar]
  36. Song YY, Zhang XZ, Wang BN, Cheng YK, Guo X, Zhang X, Long SR, Liu RD, Wang ZQ, Cui J. 2024. A novel Trichinella spiralis serine proteinase disrupted gut epithelial barrier and mediated larval invasion through binding to RACK1 and activating MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 18(1), 37. [Google Scholar]
  37. Song YY, Zhang XZ, Wang BN, Weng MM, Zhang ZY, Guo X, Zhang X, Wang ZQ, Cui J. 2023. Molecular characterization of a novel serine proteinase from Trichinella spiralis and its participation in larval invasion of gut epithelium. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 17(9), 30. [Google Scholar]
  38. Sun XM, Luo ZN, Wang W, Hao CY, Li ZA, El-Ashram S, Zhu XP. 2025. Trichinella spiralis adult excretory-secretory antigen promotes peripheral regulatory T cell differentiation and attenuates experimental colitis via TGF-β-like mechanisms. Parasites & Vectors, 18(1), 13. [Google Scholar]
  39. Wan D, Wu QH, Qu W, Liu G, Wang X. 2018. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) iInhibits DON-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis via the NF-κB/iNOS pathway. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2018, 8. [Google Scholar]
  40. Wang ZX, Hao CY, Zhuang QH, Zhan B, Sun XM, Huang JJ, Cheng YL, Zhu XP. 2020. Excretory/secretory products from Trichinella spiralis adult worms attenuated DSS-induced colitis in mice by driving PD-1-mediated M2 macrophage polarization. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 12. [Google Scholar]
  41. Weng MM, Zhang R, Zhang ZY, Wu JY, Zheng WW, Lu QQ, Long SR, Liu RD, Wang ZQ, Cui J. 2024. A novel Trichinella spiralis galectin strengthens the macrophage ADCC killing of larvae via driving M1 polarization. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(20), 23. [Google Scholar]
  42. Xu DX, Bai X, Xu J, Wang XL, Dong ZJ, Shi WJ, Xu FY, Li YF, Liu MY, Liu XL. 2021. The immune protection induced by a serine protease from the Trichinella spiralis adult against Trichinella spiralis infection in pigs. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(5), 15. [Google Scholar]
  43. Xu J, Liu RD, Bai SJ, Hao HN, Yue WW, Xu YXY, Long SR, Cui J, Wang ZQ. 2020. Molecular characterization of a Trichinella spiralis aspartic protease and its facilitation role in larval invasion of host intestinal epithelial cells. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14(4), 23. [Google Scholar]
  44. Xu J, Yang F, Yang DQ, Jiang P, Liu RD, Zhang X, Cui J, Wang ZQ. 2018. Molecular characterization of Trichinella spiralis galectin and its participation in larval invasion of host’s intestinal epithelial cells. Veterinary Research, 49, 15. [Google Scholar]
  45. Xu N, Bai X, Liu Y, Yang YM, Tang B, Shi HN, Vallee I, Boireau P, Liu XL, Liu MY. 2021. The anti-inflammatory immune response in early Trichinella spiralis intestinal infection depends on serine protease -mediated alternative activation of macrophages. Journal of Immunology, 206(5), 963–977. [Google Scholar]
  46. Xu YXY, Zhang XZ, Weng MM, Cheng YK, Liu RD, Long SR, Wang ZQ, Cui J. 2022. Oral immunization of mice with recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum expressing a Trichinella spiralis galectin induces an immune protection against larval challenge. Parasites & Vectors, 15(1), 16. [Google Scholar]
  47. Yan SW, Cheng YK, Lu QQ, Zhang R, Liu RD, Long SR, Wang ZQ, Cui J. 2024. Characterization of a novel dipeptidyl peptidase 1 of Trichinella spiralis and its participation in larval invasion. Acta Tropica, 249, 15. [Google Scholar]
  48. Yan SW, Zhang R, Guo X, Wang BN, Long SR, Liu RD, Wang ZQ, Cui J. 2023. Trichinella spiralis dipeptidyl peptidase 1 suppressed macrophage cytotoxicity by promoting M2 polarization via the STAT6/PPARγ pathway. Veterinary Research, 54(1), 21. [Google Scholar]
  49. Yang Y, Wen YJ, Cai YN, Vallée I, Boireau P, Liu MY, Cheng SP. 2015. Serine proteases of parasitic helminths. Korean Journal of Parasitology, 53(1), 1–11. [Google Scholar]
  50. Yue X, Sun XY, Liu F, Hu CX, Bai Y, Yang QD, Liu RD, Zhang X, Cui J, Wang ZQ. 2020. Molecular characterization of a Trichinella spiralis serine proteinase. Veterinary Research, 51(1), 19. [Google Scholar]
  51. Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Bień-Kalinowska J, Basałaj K. 2021. Regulation of human THP-1 macrophage polarization by Trichinella spiralis. Parasitol Research, 120(2), 569–578. [Google Scholar]
  52. Zeng J, Zhang R, Ma KN, Han LL, Yan SW, Liu RD, Zhang X, Wang ZQ, Cui J. 2022. Characterization of a novel aminopeptidase P from Trichinella spiralis and its participation in the intrusion of intestinal epithelial cells. Experimental Parasitology, 242, 9. [Google Scholar]
  53. Zeng J, Zhang XZ, Zhang R, Yan SW, Song YY, Long SR, Liu RD, Wang ZQ, Cui J. 2021. Vaccination of mice with recombinant novel aminopeptidase P and cathepsin X alone or in combination induces protective immunity against Trichinella spiralis infection. Acta Tropica, 224, 11. [Google Scholar]
  54. Zhang R, Zhang Y, Yan SW, Cheng YK, Zheng WW, Long SR, Wang ZQ, Cui J. 2024. Galactomannan inhibits Trichinella spiralis invasion of intestinal epithelium cells and enhances antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity related killing of larvae by driving macrophage polarization. Parasite, 31, 16. [Google Scholar]
  55. Zhang XZ, Sun XY, Bai Y, Song YY, Hu CX, Li XR, Cui J, Wang ZQ. 2020. Protective immunity in mice vaccinated with a novel elastase-1 significantly decreases Trichinella spiralis fecundity and infection. Veterinary Research, 51(1), 12. [Google Scholar]
  56. Zhang XZ, Wang ZQ, Cui J. 2022. Epidemiology of trichinellosis in the People’s Republic of China during 2009–2020. Acta Tropica, 229, 106388. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Zhang XZ, Yue WW, Bai SJ, Hao HN, Song YY, Long SR, Liu RD, Cui J, Wang ZQ. 2022. Oral immunization with attenuated Salmonella encoding an elastase elicits protective immunity against Trichinella spiralis infection. Acta Tropica, 226, 12. [Google Scholar]
  58. Zheng WW, Zhang XZ, Cong PK, Zhang R, Long SR, Zhang X, Liu RD, Wang ZQ, Cui J. 2025. Trichinella spiralis serine protease mediates larval invasion of gut epithelium via binding to CK8 and activating RhoA/ROCK1 pathway. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 19(11), 33. [Google Scholar]

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.