| Issue |
Parasite
Volume 33, 2026
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Article Number | 21 | |
| Number of page(s) | 15 | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2026020 | |
| Published online | 17 February 2026 | |
Research Article
Trichinella spiralis serine proteinase enhances antibody-dependent cell-mediated (ADCC) killing of newborn larvae by driving M1 polarization via the NF-κB pathway
La sérine protéase de Trichinella spiralis augmente la destruction des larves nouvelles-nées par ADCC en induisant une polarisation M1 via la voie NF-κB
1
Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
2
Department of Clinical Nutrition, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
* Corresponding authors: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Shao Rong Long); This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Zhong Quan Wang); This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
(Jing Cui)
Received:
8
January
2026
Accepted:
9
March
2026
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that recombinant Trichinella spiralis serine proteinase (rTsSPc) promoted larval invasion of the gut epithelium, but its regulatory role on macrophage polarization is not clear. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) confirmed specific rTsSPc’s binding to RAW264.7 macrophages. The results of qPCR, Western blot, ELISA, and flow cytometry showed that rTsSPc significantly upregulated M1 macrophage markers (iNOS and CD86) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), but not M2 markers (Arg1, CD206) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β). However, intestinal infective larvae (IIL) excretory-secretory antigens (ESAs) induced M2 polarization. Western blot revealed that rTsSPc activated the classical NF-κB pathway, as evidenced by increased phosphorylation levels of IKKβ, IκB-α, and NF-κB p65. Pretreatment of macrophages with NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) effectively suppressed rTsSPc-induced M1 polarization, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, and reduced nitric oxide (NO) production. Functionally, rTsSPc-induced M1 polarization significantly enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of macrophages killing newborn larvae, but PDTC pretreatment resulted in a 41.62% reduction in cytotoxicity. Our results showed that rTsSPc bound specifically to macrophages and induced M1 polarization by activating the classical NF-κB pathway, thereby enhancing macrophage-mediated ADCC killing of newborn larvae. The findings indicated that TsSPc might strengthen host protective immunity via ADCC killing of larvae, and TsSPc may be considered a potential candidate antigen for developing anti-Trichinella vaccines.
Résumé
Des études antérieures ont montré que la sérine protéase recombinante de Trichinella spiralis (rTsSPc) favorisait l’invasion larvaire de l’épithélium intestinal, mais son rôle régulateur sur la polarisation des macrophages reste incertain. Un test d’immunofluorescence (IFA) a confirmé la liaison spécifique de la rTsSPc aux macrophages RAW264.7. Les résultats des analyses qPCR, Western blot, ELISA et cytométrie de flux ont montré que la rTsSPc induisait une surexpression significative des marqueurs des macrophages M1 (iNOS et CD86) et des cytokines pro-inflammatoires (TNF-α et IL-6), mais pas des marqueurs M2 (Arg1, CD206) ni des cytokines anti-inflammatoires (IL-10, TGF-β). En revanche, les antigènes d'excrétion-sécrétion (ESA) des larves infectieuses intestinales (IIL) induisaient une polarisation M2. Le Western blot a révélé que la rTsSPc activait la voie NF-κB classique, comme en témoignent l'augmentation des niveaux de phosphorylation d'IKKβ, d'IκB-α et de NF-κB p65. Le prétraitement des macrophages avec l'inhibiteur de NF-κB, le PDTC, a efficacement supprimé la polarisation M1 induite par la rTsSPc, diminué la sécrétion de cytokines pro-inflammatoires et réduit la production d'oxyde nitrique (NO). Sur le plan fonctionnel, la polarisation M1 induite par rTsSPc a significativement renforcé la cytotoxicité cellulaire dépendante des anticorps (ADCC) des macrophages, entraînant la destruction des larves nouvelles-nées. Cependant, un prétraitement au PDTC a induit une réduction de 41,62 % de cette cytotoxicité. Ces résultats ont montré que rTsSPc se lie spécifiquement aux macrophages et induit une polarisation M1 en activant la voie NF-κB classique, renforçant ainsi l'ADCC des macrophages et leur capacité à détruire les larves nouvelles-nées. Ces observations indiquent que TsSPc pourrait renforcer l'immunité protectrice de l'hôte via l'ADCC et pourrait être considéré comme un antigène candidat potentiel pour le développement de vaccins anti-Trichinella.
Key words: Trichinella spiralis / Serine proteinase / Macrophage / M1 polarization / ADCC
Edited by Jean-Lou Justine.
© J.Y. Wu et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2026
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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