EDP Sciences logo
Submit your paper
Search
Menu
All issues Volume 33 (2026) Parasite, 33 (2026) 9 References
Open Access
Issue
Parasite
Volume 33, 2026
Article Number 9
Number of page(s) 13
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2026010
Published online 24 February 2026
  1. Adamou A, Dao A, Timbine S, Kassogué Y, Yaro AS, Diallo M, Traoré SF, Huestis DL, Lehmann T. 2011. The contribution of aestivating mosquitoes to the persistence of Anopheles gambiae in the Sahel. Malaria Journal, 10, 151. [Google Scholar]
  2. Arcaz AC, Huestis DL, Dao A, Yaro AS, Diallo M, Andersen J, Blomquist GJ, Lehmann T. 2016. Desiccation tolerance in Anopheles coluzzii: the effects of spiracle size and cuticular hydrocarbons, Journal of Experimental Biology, 219, 1675–1688. [Google Scholar]
  3. Arrese EL, Soulages JL. 2010. Insect fat body: energy, metabolism, and regulation. Annual Review of Entomology, 55, 207–225. [Google Scholar]
  4. Baldet T, Diabaté A, Guiguemdé T. 2003. Étude de la transmission du paludisme en 1999 dans la zone rizicole de la vallée du Kou (Bama), Burkina Faso. Cahiers de Santé, 13, 55–60. [Google Scholar]
  5. Benoit JB, Denlinger DL. 2007. Suppression of water loss during adult diapause in the northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens. Journal of Experimental Biology, 210, 217–226. [Google Scholar]
  6. Camara M, Caro-Riaño H, Ravel S, Dujardin J-P, Hervouet J-P, De Meeüs T, Kagbadouno MS, Bouyer J, Solano P. 2006. Genetic and morphometric evidence for population isolation of Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Diptera: Glossinidae) on the Loos islands, Guinea. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43, 853–860. [Google Scholar]
  7. Chippindale AK, Chu TJF, Rose MR. 1996. Complex trade-offs and the evolution of starvation resistance in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution, 50, 753–766. [Google Scholar]
  8. Clark MS, Worland MR. 2008. How insects survive the cold: molecular mechanisms-a review. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology, 178, 917–933. [Google Scholar]
  9. Coetzee M, Craig M, Sueur D Le. 2000. Distribution of African malaria mosquitoes belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex. Parasitology Today, 16, 74–77. [Google Scholar]
  10. Coetzee M, Hunt R, Wilkerson R, Della TA, Coulibaly M, Besansky N. 2013. Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles amharicus, new members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Zootaxa, 3619, 246–274. [Google Scholar]
  11. Costantini C, Ayala D, Guelbeogo WM, Pombi M, Some CY, Bassole IH, Ose K, Fotsing J-M, Sagnon N, Fontenille D, Besansky NJ, Simard F. 2009. Living at the edge: biogeographic patterns of habitat segregation conform to speciation by niche expansion in Anopheles gambiae. BMC Ecology, 9, 16. [Google Scholar]
  12. Dabiré KR, Diabaté A, Paré-Toé L, Rouamba J, Ouari A, Fontenille D, Baldet T. 2008. Year to year and seasonal variations in vector bionomics and malaria transmission in a humid savannah village in west Burkina Faso. Journal of the Society for Vector Ecology, 33, 70–75. [Google Scholar]
  13. Danks HV. 2006. Key themes in the study of seasonal adaptations in insects II. Life-cycle patterns. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 41, 1–13. [Google Scholar]
  14. Danks H. 1987. Insect dormancy: an ecological perspective. Ottawa: Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). [Google Scholar]
  15. Dao A, Yaro AS, Diallo M, Timbiné S, Huestis DL, Kassogué Y, Traoré AI, Sanogo ZL, Samaké D, Lehmann T. 2014. Signatures of aestivation and migration in Sahelian malaria mosquito populations. Nature, 516, 387–390. [Google Scholar]
  16. Denlinger DL. 1986. Dormancy in tropical insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 31, 239–264. [Google Scholar]
  17. Denlinger D. 2002. Regulation of diapause. Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 93–122. [Google Scholar]
  18. Denlinger D, Yocum G, Rinehart J. 2012. Hormonal control of diapause. Insect Endocrinology, 1, 430–463. [Google Scholar]
  19. Detinova T. 1962. Age grouping methods in diptera of medical importance with special reference to some vectors of malaria. Series No. 47. Geneva: World Health Organization Monograph Series. [Google Scholar]
  20. Diabate A, Baldet T, Chandre F, Akoobeto M, Guiguemde TR, Darriet F, Brengues C, Guillet P, Hemingway J, Small GJ, Hougard JM. 2002. The role of agricultural use of insecticides in resistance to pyrethroids in Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Burkina Faso. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 67, 617–622. [Google Scholar]
  21. Diabate A, Brengues C, Baldet T, Dabiré KR, Hougard JM, Akogbeto M, Kengne P, Simard F, Guillet P, Hemingway J, Chandre F. 2004. The spread of the Leu-Phe kdr mutation through Anopheles gambiae complex in Burkina Faso: genetic introgression and de novo phenomena. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 9, 1267–1273. [Google Scholar]
  22. Diabaté A, Dabiré RK, Heidenberger K, Crawford J, Lamp WO, Culler LE, Lehmann T. 2008. Evidence for divergent selection between the molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae: role of predation. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8, 5. [Google Scholar]
  23. Diabaté A, Dabire RK, Kim EH, Dalton R, Millogo N, Baldet T, Simard F, Gimnig JE, Hawley WA, Lehmann T. 2005. Larval development of the molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) in different habitats: a transplantation experiment. Journal of Medical Entomology, 42, 548–553. [Google Scholar]
  24. Diniz DFA, de Albuquerque CMR, Oliva LO, de Melo-Santos MAV, Ayres CFJ. 2017. Diapause and quiescence: dormancy mechanisms that contribute to the geographical expansion of mosquitoes and their evolutionary success. Parasites & Vectors, 10, 310. [Google Scholar]
  25. Dryden IL, Mardia KV. 2016. Statistical shape analysis: with applications in R (Second edition). United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons. [Google Scholar]
  26. Dujardin J-PAL, Kaba D, Henry AB. 2010. The exchangeability of shape. BMC Research Notes, 3, 266. [Google Scholar]
  27. Dujardin J-P. 2008. Morphometrics applied to medical entomology. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 8, 875–890. [Google Scholar]
  28. Dujardin JP. 2011. Modern morphometrics of medically important insects. Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases, 1, 473–501. [Google Scholar]
  29. Ebi KL. 2014. Health in the new scenarios for climate change research. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11, 30–46. [Google Scholar]
  30. Eldridge B. 1966. Environmental control of ovarian development in mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex. Science, 151, 826–830. [Google Scholar]
  31. Fouet C, Gray E, Besansky NJ, Costantini C. 2012. Adaptation to aridity in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae: Chromosomal inversion polymorphism and body size influence resistance to desiccation. PloS One, 7, e34841. [Google Scholar]
  32. Gallaway WJ, Brust RA. 1982. Blood-feeding and gonotrophic dissociation in overwintering Anopheles earli (Diptera: Culicidae) from southern Manitoba. Canadian Entomologist, 114, 1105–1107. [Google Scholar]
  33. Gatehouse A. 1997. Behavior and ecological genetics of wind-borne migration by insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 42, 475–502. [Google Scholar]
  34. Gillies MT, Coetzee M. 1987. Anophelines mosquitoes: A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Afrotropical region). South African Institute for Medical Research, 55, 143. [Google Scholar]
  35. Gimonneau G, Bouyer J, Morand S, Besansky NJ, Diabate A, Simard F. 2010. A behavioral mechanism underlying ecological divergence in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Behavioral Ecology, 21, 1087–1092. [Google Scholar]
  36. Gimonneau G, Pombi M, Choisy M, Morand S, Dabiré RK, Simard F. 2012. Larval habitat segregation between the molecular forms of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae in a rice field area of Burkina Faso, West Africa. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 26, 9–17. [Google Scholar]
  37. Gómez GF, Márquez EJ, Gutiérrez LA, Conn JE, Correa MM. 2014. Geometric morphometric analysis of Colombian Anopheles albimanus (Diptera: Culicidae) reveals significant effect of environmental factors on wing traits and presence of a metapopulation. Acta Tropica, 135, 75–85. [Google Scholar]
  38. Govoetchan R, Sovi A, Aïkpon R, Salako A, Agbo FO, Asidi A, Akogbéto M. 2013. The impact of oviposition-site deprivation in gravid females of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) on fecundity, trophic behaviour and life expectancy. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 33, 207–215. [Google Scholar]
  39. Gray E, Bradley T. 2005. Physiology of desiccation resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 73, 553–559. [Google Scholar]
  40. Gray EM, Rocca KAC, Costantini C, Besansky NJ. 2009. Inversion 2La is associated with enhanced desiccation resistance in Anopheles gambiae. Malaria Journal, 8, 215. [Google Scholar]
  41. Hahn DA, Denlinger DL. 2007. Meeting the energetic demands of insect diapause: Nutrient storage and utilization. Journal of Insect Physiology, 53, 760–773. [Google Scholar]
  42. Hahn D, Denlinger D. 2011. Energetics of insect diapause. Annual Review of Entomology, 56, 103–121. [Google Scholar]
  43. Hidalgo K, Dujardin J-P, Mouline K, Dabiré RK, Renault D, Simard F. 2015. Seasonal variation in wing size and shape between geographic populations of the malaria vector, Anopheles coluzzii in Burkina Faso (West Africa). Acta Tropica, 143, 79–88. [Google Scholar]
  44. Hidalgo K, Montazeau C, Siaussat D, Braman V, Trabalon M, Simard F, Renault D, Dabiré RK, Mouline K. 2018. Distinct physiological, biochemical and morphometric adjustments in the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii as means to survive dry season conditions in Burkina Faso. Journal of Experimental Biology, 221, jeb174433. [Google Scholar]
  45. Hidalgo K, Mouline K, Mamai W, Foucreau N, Dabiré KR, Bouchereau A, Simard F, Renault D. 2014. Novel insights into the metabolic and biochemical underpinnings assisting dry-season survival in female malaria mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Journal of Insect Physiology, 70, 102–116. [Google Scholar]
  46. Holstein M. 1954. Biology of Anopheles gambiae. Research in French West Africa. Geneva: World Health Organisation Monograph Series. [Google Scholar]
  47. Huestis DL, Artis ML, Armbruster PA, Lehmann T. 2017 Photoperiodic responses of Sahelian malaria mosquitoes Anopheles coluzzii and An. arabiensis, Parasites & Vectors, 10, 621. [Google Scholar]
  48. Huestis DL, Lehmann T. 2014. Ecophysiology of Anopheles gambiae s.l.: persistence in the Sahel. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 28, 648–661. [Google Scholar]
  49. Huestis DL, Yaro AS, Traoré AI, Adamou A, Kassogué Y, Diallo M, Timbiné S, Dao A, Lehmann T. 2011. Variation in metabolic rate of Anopheles gambiae and A. arabiensis in a Sahelian village. Journal of Experimental Biology, 214, 2345–2353. [Google Scholar]
  50. Huestis DL, Yaro AS, Traoré AI, Dieter KL, Nwagbara JI, Bowie AC, Adamou A, Kassogué Y, Diallo M, Timbiné S, Dao A, Lehmann T. 2012. Seasonal variation in metabolic rate, flight activity and body size of Anopheles gambiae in the Sahel. Journal of Experimental Biology, 215, 2013–2021. [Google Scholar]
  51. Jaenson TG, Ameneshewa B. 1991. Prehibernation diet and reproductive condition of female Anopheles messeae in Sweden. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 5, 243–252. [Google Scholar]
  52. Jirakanjanakit N, Dujardin J. 2005. Discrimination of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) laboratory lines based on wing geometry. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 36, 858–861. [Google Scholar]
  53. Jirakanjanakit N, Leemingsawat S, Thongrungkiat S, Apiwathnasorn C, Singhaniyom S, Bellec C, Dujardin JP. 2007. Influence of larval density or food variation on the geometry of the wing of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 12, 1354–1360. [Google Scholar]
  54. Krajacich BJ, Huestis DL, Dao A, Yaro AS, Diallo M, Krishna A, Xu J, Lehmann T. 2018. Investigation of the seasonal microbiome of Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes in Mali. PLoS One, 13, 3e0194899. [Google Scholar]
  55. Lee Y, Meneses CR, Fofana A, Lanzaro GC. 2009. Desiccation resistance among subpopulations of Anopheles gambiae s.s. from Selinkenyi, Mali. Journal of Medical Entomology, 46, 316–320. [Google Scholar]
  56. Lehmann T, Dao A, Yaro AS, Adamou A, Kassogue Y, Diallo M, Sékou T, Coscaron-Arias C. 2010. Aestivation of the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae in the Sahel. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83, 601–606. [Google Scholar]
  57. Lindsay SW, Parson L, Thomas CJ. 1998. Mapping the ranges and relative abundance of the two principal African malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and An. arabiensis, using climate data. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 265(1399), 847–854. [Google Scholar]
  58. Magnarelli L. 1979. Blood-feeding and gonotrophic dissociation in Anopheles Punctipennis (Diptera: Culicidae) prior to hibernation in Connecticut. Journal of Medical Entomology, 15, 278–281. [Google Scholar]
  59. Mala A, Irungu L, Mitaki E, Shililu J, Mbogo C, Njagi J, Githure J. 2014. Gonotrophic cycle duration, fecundity and parity of Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes during an extended period of dry weather in a semi-arid area in Baringo County, Kenya. International Journal of Mosquito Research, 1, 28–34. [Google Scholar]
  60. Mamai W, Mouline K, Blais C, Larvor V, Dabiré KR, Ouedraogo GA, Simard F, Renault D. 2014. Metabolomic and ecdysteroid variations in Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes exposed to the stressful conditions of the dry season in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 87, 486–497. [Google Scholar]
  61. Mamai W, Simard F, Couret D, Ouedraogo GA, Renault D, Dabiré KR, Mouline K. 2016. Monitoring dry season persistence of Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations in a contained semi-field system in southwestern Burkina Faso, West Africa. Journal of Medical Entomology, 53, 130–138. [Google Scholar]
  62. Masaki S. 1980. Summer diapause. Annual Review of Entomology, 25, 1–25. [Google Scholar]
  63. Minakawa N, Githure JI, Beier JC, Yan G. 2001. Anopheline mosquito survival strategies during the dry period in western Kenya. Journal of Medical Entomology, 38, 388–392. [Google Scholar]
  64. Mouline K, Mamai W, Agnew P, Tchonfienet M, Brengues C, Dabire R, Robert V, Simard F. 2012. Physiology and development of the M and S molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae in Burkina Faso (West Africa). Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 26, 447–454. [Google Scholar]
  65. Omer SM, Cloudsley-Thompson J. 1970. Survival of female Anopheles gambiae Giles through a 9-month dry season in Sudan. Bulletin of World Health Organisation, 42, 319–330. [Google Scholar]
  66. Omer SM, Cloudsley-Thompson J. 1968. Dry season biology of Anopheles gambiae Giles in the Sudan. Nature, 217, 879–880. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  67. Patz JA, Campbell-Lendrum D, Holloway T, Foley JA. 2005. Impact of regional climate change on human health. Nature, 438, 310–317. [Google Scholar]
  68. Reynolds J, Poelchau MF, Rahman Z, Armbruster PA, Denlinger DL. 2012. Transcript profiling reveals mechanisms for lipid conservation during diapause in the mosquito, Aedes albopictus. Journal of Insect Physiology, 58, 966–973. [Google Scholar]
  69. Rivero A, Agnew P, Bedhomme S, Sidobre C, Michalakis Y. 2007. Resource depletion in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected by the microsporidia Vavraia culicis. Parasitology, 134, 1355–1362. [Google Scholar]
  70. Robert V, Gazin P, Carnevale P. 1987. Malaria transmission in three sites surrounding the area of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso): the savanna, a rice field, and the city. Bulletin of the Society of Vector Ecologists, 12, 541–543. [Google Scholar]
  71. RocklövJ, Dubrow R. 2020. Climate change: an enduring challenge for vector-borne disease prevention and control. Nature Immunology, 21, 479–483. [Google Scholar]
  72. Roff D. 2002. Life history evolution. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc. [Google Scholar]
  73. Santolamazza F, Mancini E, Simard F, Qi Y, Tu Z, Torre A. 2008. Insertion polymorphisms of SINE200 retrotransposons within speciation islands of Anopheles gambiae molecular forms. Malaria Journal, 7, 163. [Google Scholar]
  74. Simard F, Ayala D, Kamdem G, Pombi M, Etouna J, Ose K, Fotsing J-M, Fontenille D, Besansky NJ, Costantini C. 2009. Ecological niche partitioning between Anopheles gambiae molecular forms in Cameroon: the ecological side of speciation. BMC Ecology, 9, 17. [Google Scholar]
  75. Simard F, Lehmann T, Lemasson JJ, Diatta M, Fontenille D. 2000. Persistence of Anopheles arabiensis during the severe dry season conditions in Senegal: an indirect approach using microsatellite loci. Insect Molecular Biology, 9, 467–479. [Google Scholar]
  76. Sinka ME. 2013. Global distribution of the dominant vector species of malaria, in Anopheles Mosquitoes – New Insights into Malaria Vectors. London, United Kingdom: InTechOpen. pp. 109–144. [Google Scholar]
  77. Stearns S. 1989. Trade-offs in life-history evolution. Functional Ecology, 3, 259–268. [Google Scholar]
  78. Tan Q, Feng L, Liu W, Zhu L, Lei C, Wang X. 2016. Differences in the pre-diapause and pre-oviposition accumulation of critical nutrients in adult females of the beetle Colaphellus bowringi. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 160, 117–125. [Google Scholar]
  79. Tauber M, Tauber C, Masaki S. 1986. Seasonal adaptations of insects. New York: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar]
  80. Tripet F, Touré YT, Taylor CE, Norris DE, Dolo G, Lanzaro GC. 2001. DNA analysis of transferred sperm reveals significant levels of gene flow between molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae. Molecular Ecology, 10, 1725–1732. [Google Scholar]
  81. Venkatesan P. 2025. WHO world malaria report 2024. Lancet Microbe, 6, 101073. [Google Scholar]
  82. Vinogradova EB. 2007. Diapause in aquatic insects, with emphasis on mosquitoes, in Diapause in Aquatic Invertebrates Theory and Human Use, Alekseev VR, De Stasio BT, Gilbert JJ, Editors. Springer, Netherlands: Dordrecht. pp. 83–113. [Google Scholar]
  83. Washino RK. 1977. The physiological ecology of gonotrophic dissociation and related phenomena in mosquitoes. Journal of Medical Entomology, 13, 381–388. [Google Scholar]
  84. White GB. 1974. Anopheles gambiae complex and disease transmission in Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 68, 278–298. [Google Scholar]
  85. Wiebe A, Longbottom J, Gleave K, Shearer FM, Sinka ME, Massey NC, Cameron E, Bhatt S, Gething PW, Hemingway J, Smith DL, Coleman M, Moyes CL. 2017. Geographical distributions of African malaria vector sibling species and evidence for insecticide resistance. Malaria Journal, 16, 85. [Google Scholar]
  86. Yaro AS, Traoré AI, Huestis DL, Adamou A, Timbiné S, Kassogué Y, Diallo M, Dao A, Traoré SF, Lehmann T. 2012. Dry season reproductive depression of Anopheles gambiae in the Sahel. Journal of Insect Physiology, 58, 1050–1059. [Google Scholar]

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.