EDP Sciences logo
Submit your paper
Search
Menu
All issues Volume 33 (2026) Parasite, 33 (2026) 5 References
Open Access
Issue
Parasite
Volume 33, 2026
Article Number 5
Number of page(s) 15
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2026007
Published online 05 February 2026
  1. Aka E, Ngnindji-Youdje Y, Diaha-Kouamé CA, Konan KL, Cissé S, Parola P, Diarra ZA. 2024. Morphological, molecular, and MALDI-TOF MS identification of mosquitoes and ticks and associated bacteria from Côte d’Ivoire. African Journal of Parasitology, Mycology and Entomology, 21, 9. [Google Scholar]
  2. Aksoy S, Gibson WC, Lehane MJ. 2003. Interactions between tsetse and trypanosomes with implications for the control of trypanosomiasis. Advances in Parasitology, 53, 1–83. [Google Scholar]
  3. Awuoche EO, Weiss BL, Mireji PO, Vigneron A, Nyambega B, Murilla G, Aksoy S. 2018. Expression profiling of Trypanosoma congolense genes during development in the tsetse fly vector Glossina morsitans morsitans. Parasites & Vectors, 11, 380. [Google Scholar]
  4. Bamou R, Costa MM, Diarra AZ, Martins AJ, Parola P, Almeras L. 2022. Enhanced procedures for mosquito identification by MALDI-TOF MS. Parasites & Vectors, 15, 240. [Google Scholar]
  5. Bateta R, Wang J, Wu Y, Weiss BL, Warren WC, Murilla GA, Aksoy S, Mireji PO. 2017. Tsetse fly (Glossina pallidipes) midgut responses to Trypanosoma brucei challenge. Parasites & Vectors, 10, 614. [Google Scholar]
  6. Bemba I, Bamou R, Lenga A, Okoko A, Awono-Ambene P, Antonio-Nkondjio C. 2022. Review of the situation of Human African Trypanosomiasis in the Republic of Congo from the 1950 s to 2020. Journal of Medical Entomology, 59, 421–429. [Google Scholar]
  7. Bemba I, Lenga A, Awono-Ambene HP, Antonio-Nkondjio C. 2022. Tsetse flies infected with trypanosomes in three active Human African Trypanosomiasis foci of the Republic of Congo. Pathogens, 11, 1275. [Google Scholar]
  8. Bemba I, Lenga A, Awono-Ambene HP, Antonio-Nkondjio C. 2023. Population knowledge and practices and the prevalence of trypanosomes circulating in domestic animals in three active Human African Trypanosomiasis foci in the Republic of Congo. Microbiology Research, 14, 1067–1076. [Google Scholar]
  9. Benkacimi L, Gazelle G, El Hamzaoui B, Bérenger J-M, Parola P, Laroche M. 2020. MALDI-TOF MS identification of Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus bedbugs. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 85, 104536. [Google Scholar]
  10. Benyahia H, Parola P, Almeras L. 2023. Evolution of MALDI-TOF MS profiles from lice and fleas preserved in alcohol over time. Insects, 14, 825. [Google Scholar]
  11. Berté D, De Meeûs T, Kaba D, Séré M, Djohan V, Courtin F, N’Djetchi Kassi M, Koffi M, Jamonneau V, Ta BTD, Solano P, N’Goran EK, Ravel S. 2019. Population genetics of Glossina palpalis palpalis in sleeping sickness foci of Côte d’Ivoire before and after vector control. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 75, 103963. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Betu Kumeso VK, Kalonji WM, Rembry S, Valverde Mordt O, Ngolo Tete D, Prêtre A, Delhomme S, Ilunga Wa Kyhi M, Camara M, Catusse J, Schneitter S, Nusbaumer M, Mwamba Miaka E, Mahenzi Mbembo H, Makaya Mayawula J, Layba Camara M, Akwaso Massa F, Kaninda Badibabi L, Kasongo Bonama A, Kavunga Lukula P, Mutanda Kalonji S, Mariero Philemon P, Mokilifi Nganyonyi R, Embana Mankiara H, Asuka Akongo Nguba A, Kobo Muanza V, Mulenge Nasandhel E, Fifi Nzeza Bambuwu A, Scherrer B, Strub-Wourgaft N, Tarral A. 2023. Efficacy and safety of acoziborole in patients with human African trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 23, 463–470. [Google Scholar]
  13. Bouledroua R, Diarra AZ, Amalvict R, Berenger J-M, Benakhla A, Parola P, Almeras L. 2025. Assessment of MALDI-TOF MS for arthropod identification based on exuviae spectra analysis. Biological Procedures Online, 27, 12. [Google Scholar]
  14. Boyer PH, Almeras L, Plantard O, Grillon A, Talagrand-Reboul É, McCoy K, Jaulhac B, Boulanger N. 2019. Identification of closely related Ixodes species by protein profiling with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. PloS One, 14, e0223735. [Google Scholar]
  15. Boyer PH, Boulanger N, Nebbak A, Collin E, Jaulhac B, Almeras L. 2017. Assessment of MALDI-TOF MS biotyping for Borrelia burgdorferi sl detection in Ixodes ricinus. PLoS One, 12, e0185430. [Google Scholar]
  16. Braks M, van der Giessen J, Kretzschmar M, van Pelt W, Scholte E-J, Reusken C, Zeller H, van Bortel W, Sprong H. 2011. Towards an integrated approach in surveillance of vector-borne diseases in Europe. Parasites & Vectors, 4, 192. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Briolant S, Costa MM, Nguyen C, Dusfour I, Pommier de Santi V, Girod R, Almeras L. 2020. Identification of French Guiana anopheline mosquitoes by MALDI-TOF MS profiling using protein signatures from two body parts. PloS One, 15, e0234098. [Google Scholar]
  18. Brunhes J, Cuisance D, Geoffroy B, Hervy JP, Lebbe J. 1994. Logiciel d’identification Glossine Expert. Manuel illustré d’utilisation. Les glossines ou mouches tsé-tsé. ORSTOM. [Google Scholar]
  19. Carbonnelle E, Mesquita C, Bille E, Day N, Dauphin B, Beretti J-L, Ferroni A, Gutmann L, Nassif X. 2011. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry tools for bacterial identification in clinical microbiology laboratory. Clinical Biochemistry, 44, 104–109. [Google Scholar]
  20. Cicero C, Mason NA, Jiménez RA, Wait DR, Wang-Claypool CY, Bowie RCK. 2021. Integrative taxonomy and geographic sampling underlie successful species delimitation. Ornithology, 138, ukab009. [Google Scholar]
  21. Cordon-Obras C, Cano J, Knapp J, Nebreda P, Ndong-Mabale N, Ncogo-Ada PR, Ndongo-Asumu P, Navarro M, Pinto J, Benito A, Bart J-M. 2014. Glossina palpalis palpalis populations from Equatorial Guinea belong to distinct allopatric clades. Parasites & Vectors, 7, 31. [Google Scholar]
  22. Costa MM, Corbel V, Ben Hamouda R, Almeras L. 2024. MALDI-TOF MS profiling and its contribution to mosquito-borne diseases: A systematic review. Insects, 15, 651. [Google Scholar]
  23. Costa MM, Guidez A, Briolant S, Talaga S, Issaly J, Naroua H, Carinci R, Gaborit P, Lavergne A, Dusfour I, Duchemin J-B, Almeras L. 2023. Identification of neotropical Culex mosquitoes by MALDI-TOF MS profiling. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 8, 168. [Google Scholar]
  24. Desquesnes M, Gonzatti M, Sazmand A, Thévenon S, Bossard G, Boulangé A, Gimonneau G, Truc P, Herder S, Ravel S, Sereno D, Jamonneau V, Jittapalapong S, Jacquiet P, Solano P, Berthier D. 2022. A review on the diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses. Parasites & Vectors, 15, 64. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Diarra AZ, Almeras L, Laroche M, Berenger J-M, Koné AK, Bocoum Z, Dabo A, Doumbo O, Raoult D, Parola P. 2017. Molecular and MALDI-TOF identification of ticks and tick-associated bacteria in Mali. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 11, e0005762. [Google Scholar]
  26. Dyer NA, Lawton SP, Ravel S, Choi KS, Lehane MJ, Robinson AS, Okedi LM, Hall MJR, Solano P, Donnelly MJ. 2008. Molecular phylogenetics of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) based on mitochondrial (COI, 16S, ND2) and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences, with an emphasis on the palpalis group. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 49, 227–239. [Google Scholar]
  27. Fall FK, Diarra AZ, Bouganali C, Sokhna C, Parola P. 2023. Using MALDI-TOF MS to identify mosquitoes from Senegal and the origin of their blood meals. Insects, 14, 785. [Google Scholar]
  28. Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R. 1994. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3, 294–299. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Gillingwater K, Mamabolo MV, Majiwa PaO. 2010. Prevalence of mixed Trypanosoma congolense infections in livestock and tsetse in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 81, 219–223. [Google Scholar]
  30. Gouteux J-P, Lancien J. 1986. Le piège pyramidal à tsétsé (Dipteria: Glossinidae) pour la capture et la lutte. Essais comparatifs et description de nouveaux systèmes de capture. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 37, 61–66. [Google Scholar]
  31. Hamlili FZ, Laroche M, Diarra AZ, Lafri I, Gassen B, Boutefna B, Davoust B, Bitam I, Parola P. 2022. MALDI-TOF MS Identification of dromedary camel ticks and detection of associated microorganisms, Southern Algeria. Microorganisms, 10, 2178. [Google Scholar]
  32. Harrup LE, Bellis GA, Balenghien T, Garros C. 2015. Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) taxonomy: current challenges and future directions. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 30, 249–266. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hoppenheit A, Murugaiyan J, Bauer B, Clausen P-H, Rösler U. 2013. Analysis of Glossina palpalis gambiensis and Glossina tachinoides from two distant locations in Burkina Faso using MALDI TOF MS. Parasitology Research, 113, 723–726. [Google Scholar]
  34. Hoppenheit A, Murugaiyan J, Bauer B, Steuber S, Clausen P-H, Roesler U. 2013. Identification of Tsetse (Glossina spp.) using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 7, e2305. [Google Scholar]
  35. Hornok S, Abichu G, Takács N, Gyuranecz M, Farkas R, Fernández De Mera IG, De La Fuente J. 2016. Molecular screening for Anaplasmataceae in ticks and tsetse flies from Ethiopia. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 64, 65–70. [Google Scholar]
  36. Huynh LN, Diarra AZ, Pham QL, Le-Viet N, Berenger J-M, Ho VH, Nguyen XQ, Parola P. 2021. Morphological, molecular and MALDI-TOF MS identification of ticks and tick-associated pathogens in Vietnam. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15, e0009813. [Google Scholar]
  37. Kaba D, Zacarie T, M’Pondi AM, Njiokou F, Bosson-Vanga H, Kröber T, McMullin A, Mihok S, Guerin PM. 2014. Standardising visual control devices for tsetse flies: Central and West African species Glossina palpalis palpalis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8, e2601. [Google Scholar]
  38. Mayoke A, Muya SM, Bateta R, Mireji PO, Okoth SO, Onyoyo SG, Auma JE, Ouma JO. 2020. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of tsetse flies of the palpalis group in Congo Brazzaville based on mitochondrial cox1 gene sequences. Parasites & Vectors, 13, 253. [Google Scholar]
  39. Mediannikov O, Audoly G, Diatta G, Trape J-F, Raoult D. 2012. New Rickettsia sp. in tsetse flies from Senegal, Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 35, 145–150. [Google Scholar]
  40. Medkour H, Varloud M, Davoust B, Mediannikov O. 2020. New molecular approach for the detection of Kinetoplastida parasites of medical and veterinary interest. Microorganisms, 8, 356. [Google Scholar]
  41. Nabet C, Kone AK, Dia AK, Sylla M, Gautier M, Yattara M, Thera MA, Faye O, Braack L, Manguin S, Beavogui AH, Doumbo O, Gay F, Piarroux R. 2021. New assessment of Anopheles vector species identification using MALDI-TOF MS. Malaria Journal, 20, 33. [Google Scholar]
  42. Nebbak A, El Hamzaoui B, Berenger J-M, Bitam I, Raoult D, Almeras L, Parola P. 2017. Comparative analysis of storage conditions and homogenization methods for tick and flea species for identification by MALDI-TOF MS. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 31, 438–448. [Google Scholar]
  43. Nebbak A, Willcox AC, Bitam I, Raoult D, Parola P, Almeras L. 2016. Standardization of sample homogenization for mosquito identification using an innovative proteomic tool based on protein profiling. Proteomics, 16, 3148–3160. [Google Scholar]
  44. Ngnindji-Youdje Y, Diarra AZ, Lontsi-Demano M, Berenger J-M, Tchuinkam T, Parola P. 2023. MALDI-TOF MS identification of cattle ticks from Cameroon. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases, 14, 102159. [Google Scholar]
  45. Ngnindji-Youdje Y, Lontsi-Demano M, Diarra AZ, Makaila AM, Tchuinkam T, Berenger J-M, Parola P. 2024. Morphological, molecular, and MALDI-TOF MS identification of bed bugs and associated Wolbachia species from Cameroon. Acta Tropica, 249, 107086. [Google Scholar]
  46. Nthiwa DM, Odongo DO, Ochanda H, Khamadi S, Gichimu BM. 2015. Trypanosoma infection rates in Glossina species in Mtito Andei Division, Makueni County, Kenya. Journal of Parasitology Research, 2015, 607432. [Google Scholar]
  47. Oloo F, Sciarretta A, Mohamed-Ahmed MM, Kröber T, McMullin A, Mihok S, Guerin PM. 2014. Standardizing visual control devices for tsetse flies: east African species Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and Glossina tachinoides. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8, e3334. [Google Scholar]
  48. Padial JM, Miralles A, De la Riva I, Vences M. 2010. The integrative future of taxonomy. Frontiers in Zoology, 7, 16. [Google Scholar]
  49. Ravel S, de Meeus T, Dujardin JP, Zézé DG, Gooding RH, Dusfour I, Sané B, Cuny G, Solano P. 2007. The tsetse fly Glossina palpalis palpalis is composed of several genetically differentiated small populations in the sleeping sickness focus of Bonon, Côte d’Ivoire. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 7, 116–125. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Sánchez-Juanes F, Calvo Sánchez N, Belhassen García M, Vieira Lista C, Román RM, Álamo Sanz R, Muro Álvarez A, Muñoz Bellido JL. 2022. Applications of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to the identification of parasites and arthropod vectors of human diseases. Microorganisms, 10, 2300. [Google Scholar]
  51. Sevestre J, Diarra AZ, Laroche M, Almeras L, Parola P. 2021. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: An emerging tool for studying the vectors of human infectious diseases. Future Microbiology, 16, 323–340. [Google Scholar]
  52. Silbermayr K, Li F, Soudré A, Müller S, Sölkner J. 2013. A novel qPCR Assay for the detection of african animal trypanosomosis in trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible cattle breeds. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 7, e2345. [Google Scholar]
  53. Simo G, Fogue PS, Melachio TTT, Njiokou F, Kuiate JR, Asonganyi T. 2014. Population genetics of forest type of Trypanosoma congolense circulating in Glossina palpalis palpalis of Fontem in the South-West region of Cameroon. Parasites & Vectors, 7, 385. [Google Scholar]
  54. Simo G, Silatsa B, Flobert N, Lutumba P, Mansinsa P, Madinga J, Manzambi E, De Deken R, Asonganyi T. 2012. Identification of different trypanosome species in the mid-guts of tsetse flies of the Malanga (Kimpese) sleeping sickness focus of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Parasites & Vectors, 5, 201. [Google Scholar]
  55. Steinmann P, Stone CM, Sutherland CS, Tanner M, Tediosi F. 2015. Contemporary and emerging strategies for eliminating human African trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: review. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 20, 707–718. [Google Scholar]
  56. Tirados I, Hope A, Selby R, Mpembele F, Miaka EM, Boelaert M, Lehane MJ, Torr SJ, Stanton MC. 2020. Impact of tiny targets on Glossina fuscipes quanzensis, the primary vector of human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14, e0008270. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Torres-Sangiao E, Leal Rodriguez C, García-Riestra C. 2021. Application and perspectives of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in clinical microbiology laboratories. Microorganisms, 9, 1539. [Google Scholar]
  58. Valli M, Döring TH, Marx E, Ferreira LLG, Medina-Franco JL, Andricopulo AD. 2024. Neglected tropical diseases: A chemoinformatics approach for the use of biodiversity in anti-trypanosomatid drug discovery. Biomolecules, 14, 1033. [Google Scholar]
  59. Vega-Rúa A, Pagès N, Fontaine A, Nuccio C, Hery L, Goindin D, Gustave J, Almeras L. 2018. Improvement of mosquito identification by MALDI-TOF MS biotyping using protein signatures from two body parts. Parasites & Vectors, 11, 574. [Google Scholar]
  60. Wamwiri FN, Changasi RE. 2016. Tsetse flies (Glossina) as vectors of human african trypanosomiasis: A review. BioMed Research International, 2016, 6201350. [Google Scholar]
  61. Wang J, Weiss BL, Aksoy S. 2013. Tsetse fly microbiota: form and function. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 3, 69. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Welburn SC, Maudlin I, Simarro PP. 2009. Controlling sleeping sickness – a review. Parasitology, 136, 1943–1949. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Yssouf A, Almeras L, Raoult D, Parola P. 2016. Emerging tools for identification of arthropod vectors,.Future Microbiology, 11, 549–566. [Google Scholar]

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.