Open Access
Review
Issue
Parasite
Volume 30, 2023
Article Number 6
Number of page(s) 53
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2023007
Published online 15 March 2023
  1. Adamson ML. 1983. Ultrastructural observations on oogenesis and shell formation in Gyrinicola batrachiensis (Walton, 1929) (Nematoda: Oxyurida). Parasitology, 86(3), 489–499. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  2. Al-Banna L, Gardner SL. 2022. The phylum nemata, in Reference Module in Life Sciences. Elsevier. [Google Scholar]
  3. Al-Sabi MNS, Ibrahim MM, Al-Hizab F, Al-Jabr OA, Al-Shubaythi S, Huffman DG. 2022. Huffmanela selachii n. sp.(Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae): a new species infecting the skin of the great hammerhead shark (Sphyrna mokarran) and the blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) in the Arabian Gulf, off-shore Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 29(2022), 103430. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Anderson E. 1967. The formation of the primary envelope during oocyte differentiation in teleosts. Journal of Cell Biology, 35(1), 193–212. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Anonymous. Hepatic capillariasis. [image/jpeg] 2019 2/2/2019 [cited 2021 Aug 29]; Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/hepaticcapillariasis/images/1/C_hepatica_tissue_HB.jpg. [Google Scholar]
  6. Appleton CC, White BJ. 1989. The structure of the shell and polar plugs of the egg of the whipworm, Trichuris trichiura (Nematoda: Trichuridae) from the Samango monkey (Cercopithecus albogularis). Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 56(4), 219–221. [Google Scholar]
  7. Attia MM, Ibrahim MM, Mahmoud MA, Al-Sabi MNS. 2021. Huffmanela sp. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) encountered in the whitecheek shark (Carcharhinus dussumieri) in the Arabian Gulf. Helminthologia, 58(3), 281–291. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Attia MM, Mahmoud MA, Ibrahim MM. 2021. Morphological and pathological appraisal of Huffmanela sp. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) infecting orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides, Hamilton, 1822) at Jubail Province, Saudi Arabia: a case report. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 45, 980–985. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bai X, Huang L-J, Chen S-W, Nebenfuehr B, Wysolmerski B, Wu J-C, Olson SK, Golden A, Wang C-W. 2020. Loss of the seipin gene perturbs eggshell formation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Development, 147(20), dev192997. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bancroft TL. 1893. On the whip worm of the rat’s liver. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 27, 86–90. [Google Scholar]
  11. Beer RJS. 1973. Morphological descriptions of the egg and larval stages of Trichuris suis Schrank, 1788. Parasitology, 67, 263–278. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Belazi D, Solé-Domènech S, Johansson B, Schalling M, Sjövall P. 2009. Chemical analysis of osmium tetroxide staining in adipose tissue using imaging ToF-SIMS. Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 132(1), 105–115. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bembenek JN, Richie CT, Squirrell JM, Campbell JM, Eliceiri KW, Poteryaev D, Spang A, Golden A, White JG. 2007. Cortical granule exocytosis in C. elegans is regulated by cell cycle components including separase. Development, 134, 3837–3848. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Benenati G, Penkov S, Müller-Reichert T, Entchev EV, Kurzchalia TV. 2009. Two cytochrome P450s in Caenorhabditis elegans are essential for the organization of eggshell, correct execution of meiosis and the polarization of embryo. Mechanisms of Development, 126(5–6), 382–393. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bird AF. 1976. The development and organization of skeletal structures in nematodes, in The organization of nematodes. Croll NA, Editor. Academic Press: London. p. 107–137. [Google Scholar]
  16. Bird AF, Bird J. 1991. The Structure of Nematodes, 2nd edn. Academic Press: Sydney. p. xviii + 316 pp. [Google Scholar]
  17. Bird AF, McClure MA. 1976. The tylenchid (Nematoda) egg shell: structure, composition and permeability. Parasitology, 72(1), 19–28. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  18. Bleve-zacheo T, Melillo MT, Zacheo G. 1993. Ultrastructural studies on the nematode Xiphinema diversicaudatum: egg shell formation. Tissue and Cell, 25(3), 363–374. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  19. Borba V, Enoki M, Lopes-Torres EJ, Machado-Silva JR, Iñiguez AM. 2021. New data on eggshell structure of capillariid species: a SEM perspective. Parasitology Research, 120(3), 963–970. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Borba VH, Martin C, Machado-Silva JR, Xavier SCC, de Mello FL, Iñiguez AM. 2021. Machine learning approach to support taxonomic species discrimination based on helminth collections data. Parasites & Vectors, 14(1), 1–15. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Bouligand Y. 1972. Twisted fibrous arrangements in biological materials and cholesteric mesophases. Tissue and Cell, 4(2), 189–217. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  22. Bruňanská M. 1993. The structure and formation of the Syngamus trachea egg-shell (Nematoda: Syngamidae). Folia Parasitologica, 40(2), 135–140. [Google Scholar]
  23. Bullard SA, Moravec F, Ksepka SP, Warren MB, Dutton HR, Huffman DG, Yanong RPE. 2022. Huffmanela cf. huffmani (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) infecting swim bladder, peritoneum, and gonad of variable platyfish, Xiphophorus variatus (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) and eastern mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki (Poeciliidae) in Florida; taxonomy, phylogenetic analysis, and pathological changes. Parasitology Research, 121(2022), 2307–2323. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Bullard SA, Ruiz CF, McElwain A, Murray MJ, Borucinska JD, Benz GW. 2012. Huffmanela cf. carcharhini (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from skin of a sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus, in the Pacific Ocean. Journal of Parasitology, 98(2), 333–340. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Burgwyn B, Nagel B, Ryerse J, Bolla RI. 2003. Heterodera glycines: eggshell ultrastructure and histochemical localization of chitinous components. Experimental Parasitology, 104(1–2), 47–53. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Cao Z, Fung CW, Mak HY. 2022. A flexible network of lipid droplet associated proteins support embryonic integrity of C. elegans. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 10, 856474. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Chen T-L, Yang H-C, Hung C-Y, Ou M-H, Pan Y-Y, Cheng M-L, Stern A, Lo SJ, Chiu DT-Y. 2017. Impaired embryonic development in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient Caenorhabditis elegans due to abnormal redox homeostasis induced activation of calcium-independent phospholipase and alteration of glycerophospholipid metabolism. Cell Death & Disease, 8(1), e2545–e2545. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Chitwood BG. 1938. Further studies on nemic skeletoids and their significance in the chemical control of nemic pests. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 5(2), 68–75. [Google Scholar]
  29. Christenson RO, Jacobs L. 1950. Nemic ova, in An introduction to nematology. Chitwood BG, Chitwood MB, Editors. Univ. Park Press: Baltimore. p. 175–190. [Google Scholar]
  30. Conboy GA, Speare DJ. 2002. Dermal nematodosis in commercially captured rockfish (Sebastes spp.) from coastal British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 127(2–3), 211–213. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Crites JL. 1958. The chemistry of the membranes of the egg envelope of Cruzia americana Maplestone, 1930 (Nematoda: Kathlaniidae). Ohio Journal of Science, 58(6), 343–346. [Google Scholar]
  32. Crofton HD. 1966. Nematodes. Hutchinson University Press: London. [Google Scholar]
  33. De Ley P, Blaxter ML. 2001. Systematic position and phylogeny, in The Biology of Nematodes. Lee DL, Editor. Harwood Academic Publishers: Reading. p. 1–30. [Google Scholar]
  34. Dill JA, Field CL, Camus AC. 2016. Pathology in practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 249(3), 275–277. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Dryzer MH, Niven C, Wolter SD, Arena CB, Ngaboyamahina E, Parker CB, Stoner BR. 2019. Electropermeabilization of nematode eggs for parasite deactivation. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 9(1), 49–55. [Google Scholar]
  36. Dumont JN, Brummet AR. 1980. The vitelline envelope, chorion, and micropyle of Fundulus heteroclitus eggs. Gamete Research, 3(1), 25–44. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  37. Esteves A, Oliveira I, Ramos P, Carvalho A, Nazário N, Seixas F. 2016. Huffmanela spp. (Nematoda, Trichosomoididae) from Microchirus azevia- Tissue location and correspondence of host muscle discoloration with parasite burden. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 11(4), 304–310. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  38. Fairbairn D, Passey BI. 1955. The lipid components in the vitelline membrane of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 33(2), 130–134. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Foor WE. 1967. Ultrastructural aspects of oocyte development and shell formation in Ascaris lumbricoides. Journal of Parasitology, 53(6), 1245–1261. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  40. Frölich JA. 1789. Beschreibung einiger neuen Eingeweidewürmer. Naturforscher, 24, 101–162. [Google Scholar]
  41. Gamalero E, Glick BR. 2020. The use of plant growth-promoting bacteria to prevent nematode damage to plants. Biology, 9(11), 1–13. [Google Scholar]
  42. Goeze JAE. 1782. Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Eingeweidewürmer thierischer körper. Philipp-Adam Pape: Blankenburg. p. xi + 471. [Google Scholar]
  43. Grigonis GJ, Solomon GB. 1976. Capillaria hepatica: Fine structure of egg shell. Experimental Parasitology, 40(2), 286–297. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Hammerschmidt KE. 1838. Helminthologische Beiträge. Isis vo Oken, 5, 351–358. [Google Scholar]
  45. Hartman JH, Widmayer SJ, Bergemann CM, King DE, Morton KS, Romersi RF, Jameson LE, Leung MCK, Andersen EC, Taubert S. 2021. Xenobiotic metabolism and transport in Caenorhabditis elegans. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 24(2), 51–94. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Holterman M, van der Wurff A, van den Elsen S, van Megen H, Bongers T, Holovachov O, Bakker J, Helder J. 2006. Phylum-wide analysis of SSU rDNA reveals deep phylogenetic relationships among nematodes and accelerated evolution toward crown clades. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 23(9), 1792–1800. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Huffman DG, Moravec F. 1988. First description of adult Huffmanela huffmani Moravec, 1987 (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) from the swimbladder of centrarchid fishes of the upper San Marcos River, central Texas. Folia Parasitologica, 35, 227–234. [Google Scholar]
  48. Ibrahim AM. 1982. Action of the pesticide diflubenzuron on Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda). PhD Thesis. University of London: Berkshire. [Google Scholar]
  49. Ichinohe M. 1952. On the soy bean nematode, Heterodera glycines n. sp., from Japan. Magazine of Applied Zoology, 17, 1–4. [Google Scholar]
  50. Inatomi S. 1960. Submicroscopic structure of the egg shell of helminth II. A study on Trichuris vulpis. Acta Medicinae Okayama, 14(4), 257–260. [Google Scholar]
  51. Inatomi S. 1960. Submicroscopic structure of the egg shell of helminth III. A study on Capillaria hepatica. Acta Medicinae Okayama, 14(4), 261–264. [Google Scholar]
  52. Inatomi S. 1962. Submicroscopic structure of the egg shell of helminths. Okayama Igakkai Zasshi [Journal of Okayama Medical Association] 74(1–3 supplement), 31–81. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  53. Johnston WL, Dennis JW. 2012. The eggshell in the C. elegans oocyte-to-embryo transition. Genesis, 50(4), 333–349. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Johnston WL, Krizus A, Dennis JW. 2010. Eggshell chitin and chitin-interacting proteins prevent polyspermy in C. elegans. Current Biology, 20(21), 1932–1937. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Justine J-L. 2004. Three new species of Huffmanela Moravec, 1987 (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) from the gills of marine fish off New Caledonia. Systematic Parasitology, 59(1), 29–37. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Justine J-L. 2005. Huffmanela lata n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from the shark Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhinidae) off New Caledonia. Systematic Parasitology, 61(3), 181–184. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Justine J-L. 2007. Huffmanela spp. (Nematoda, Trichosomoididae) parasites in coral reef fishes off New Caledonia, with descriptions of H. balista n. sp. and H. longa n. sp. Zootaxa, 1628, 23–41. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  58. Justine J-L. 2011. Huffmanela plectropomi n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from the coral grouper Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepede) off New Caledonia. Systematic Parasitology, 79(2), 139–143. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Kim J, Kern E, Kim T, Sim M, Kim J, Kim Y, Park C, Nadler SA, Park J-K. 2017. Phylogenetic analysis of two Plectus mitochondrial genomes (Nematoda: Plectida) supports a sister group relationship between Plectida and Rhabditida within Chromadorea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 107, 90–102. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Lee DL, Lešťan P. 1971. Oogenesis and egg shell formation in Heterakis gallinarum (Nematoda). Journal of Zoology, 164(2), 189–196. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  61. Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio, 1, 823. [Google Scholar]
  62. Maccallum GA. 1925. Eggs of a new species of nematoid worm from a shark. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 67(16), 1–3. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  63. Macchioni F, Chelucci L, Guardone L, Mignone W, Prati MC, Magi M. 2013. Calodium hepaticum (Nematoda: Capillaridae) in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Italy with scanning electron microscopy of the eggs. Folia Parasitologica, 60(2), 102–104. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. MacLean RA, Fatzinger MH, Woolard KD, Harms CA. 2006. Clearance of a dermal Huffmanela sp. in a sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) using levamisole. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 73(1), 83. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Magi M, Guardone L, Prati MC, Torracca B, Macchioni F. 2012. First report of Eucoleus boehmi (syn. Capillaria boehmi) in dogs in north-western Italy, with scanning electron microscopy of the eggs. Parasite, 19(4), 433–435. [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Mansfield LS, Gamble HR, Fetterer RH. 1992. Characterization of the eggshell of Haemonchus contortus–I. Structural components. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative. Biochemistry, 103(3), 681–686. [Google Scholar]
  67. Maruyama R, Velarde NV, Klancer R, Gordon S, Kadandale P, Parry JM, Hang JS, Rubin J, Stewart-Michaelis A, Schweinsberg P. 2007. EGG-3 regulates cell-surface and cortex rearrangements during egg activation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Current Biology, 17(18), 1555–1560. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Maupas É. 1900. Modes et formes de reproduction des nématodes. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale, 8, 463–624. [Google Scholar]
  69. Melesse M, Bembenek JN. 2019. Cracking the eggshell: A novel link to intracellular signaling. Developmental Biology, 453, 107–109. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Meng X, Wang S, Zhou W, Wang B, Han W, Wang L. 1986. The operculum-plug area and membranous structure of the eggs of Trichuris trichiura. Scanning Electron Microscopy, 1986(3), 1015–1018. [Google Scholar]
  71. Mesa-Valle CM, Garrido-Cardenas JA, Cebrian-Carmona J, Talavera M, Manzano-Agugliaro F. 2020. Global research on plant nematodes. Agronomy, 10(8), 1–11. [Google Scholar]
  72. Monné L, Hönig G. 1954. On the properties of the egg envelopes of the parasitic nematodes Trichuris and Capillaría. Arkiv for Zoologi, 6(6), 559–562. [Google Scholar]
  73. Moravec F. 1982. Proposal of a new systematic arrangement of nematodes of the family Capillariidae. Folia Parasitologica, 29(2), 119–132. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Moravec F. 1987. Revision of capillariid nematodes (subfamily Capillariinae) parasitic in fishes, in Studie ČSAV no. 3, Praha: Academia. p. 144. [Google Scholar]
  75. Moravec F. 2001. Trichinelloid nematodes parasitic in cold-blooded vertebrates. Praha: Academia. p. 432. [Google Scholar]
  76. Moravec F, Campbell BG. 1991. A new Huffmanela species, H. schouteni sp. n. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) from flying fishes in Curaçao. Folia Parasitologica, 38, 29–32. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Moravec F, Conboy GA, Speare DJ. 2005. A new trichosomoidid from the skin of Sebastes spp. (Pisces) from British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Parasitology, 91(2), 411–414. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Moravec F, Koudela B, Ogawa K, Nagasawa K. 1998. Two new Huffmanela species, H. japonica n. sp. and H. shikokuensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae), from marine fishes in Japan. Journal of Parasitology, 84(3), 589–593. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  79. Moravec F, Spratt DM. 1998. Crocodylocapillaria longiovata n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Capillariidae) from the stomach of crocodiles in Australia and New Guinea. Journal of Parasitology, 84(2), 426–430. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  80. Nelson H. 1852. XXII. The reproduction of the Ascaris mystax. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 142(6), 563–594. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  81. Nitzsch CL. 1821. Ascaris. Allgemeine Encyclopadie der Wissenschaften and Kunste, 6, 44–49. [Google Scholar]
  82. Olson SK, Bishop JR, Yates JR, Oegema K, Esko JD. 2006. Identification of novel chondroitin proteoglycans in Caenorhabditis elegans: embryonic cell division depends on CPG-1 and CPG-2. Journal of Cell Biology, 173(6), 985–994. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Olson SK, Greenan G, Desai A, Muller-Reichert T, Oegema K. 2012. Hierarchical assembly of the eggshell and permeability barrier in C. elegans. Journal of Cell Biology, 198(4), 731–748. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Panesar TS, Croll NA. 1981. The hatching process in Trichuris muris (Nematoda: Trichuroidea). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 59(4), 621–628. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  85. Partin BG. 1978. An egg from the human whipworm, Trichuris trichiura, in Public Health Image Library (PHIL). Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [Google Scholar]
  86. Perry RN, Trett MW. 1986. Ultrastructure of the eggshell of Heterodera schachtii and H. glycines (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Revue de Nématologie, 9(4), 399–403. [Google Scholar]
  87. Perry RN, Wharton DA, Clarke AJ. 1982. The structure of the egg-shell of Globodera rostochiensis (Nematoda: Tylenchida). International Journal for Parasitology, 12(5), 481–485. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  88. Preston CM, Jenkins T. 1983. Ultrastructural studies of early stages of oogenesis in a trichuroid nematode, Trichuris muris. International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction, 6(2), 77–91. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  89. Preston CM, Jenkins T. 1985. Trichuris muris: structure and formation of the egg polar plugs. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde, 71(3), 373–381. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Priebe K. 2007. Ursachen spezifischer Muskelveränderungen durch Pilze, Protozoen, Würmer und Gliederfüßer, in Parasiten des Fischfilets: Erscheinungsbild, Biologie, Lebensmittelsicherheit. Springer-Verlag: Berlin. p. 63–397. [Google Scholar]
  91. Ramos P, Carvalho R, Rosa F, Alexandre-Pires G, Seixas F, Esteves A, Huffman D. 2019. Huffmanela lusitana sp. n. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) infecting pouting, Trisopterus luscus (Teleostei: Gadidae) off the Atlantic coast of Portugal. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 9, 266–273. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  92. Robertson A, Sall J, Petzold C, Cadwell K, Liang F-X. 2022. Optimization of scanning electron microscopy and serial block face – scanning electron microscopy for investigating bacteria and whipworm egg interactions. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 28(S1), 1452–1455. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  93. Rogers RA. 1956. A study of eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides var. suum with the electron microscope. Journal of Parasitology, 42(2), 97–108. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  94. Rudolphi CA. 1803. Neue Beobachtungen uber die Eingeweide Wurmer. Arch Zool. u. Zool, 3, 1–32. [Google Scholar]
  95. Ruiz CF, Bullard SA. 2013. Huffmanela markgracei sp. n. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) from buccal cavity of Atlantic sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae), in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico off Texas. Folia Parasitologica, 60(4), 353–358. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Ruiz CF, Ray CL, Cook M, Grace MA, Bullard SA. 2013. A new species of Trichosomoididae (Nematoda) from skin of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus (Perciformes: Lutjanidae), on the Texas-Louisiana shelf, northern Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Parasitology, 99(2), 318–326. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Schierenberg E, Junkersdorf B. 1992. The role of eggshell and underlying vitelline membrane for normal pattern formation in the early C. elegans embryo. Roux’s Archives of. Developmental Biology, 202(1), 10–16. [Google Scholar]
  98. Schmidt A. 1871. Über den Rüben-Nematoden (Heterodera schachtii A.S.). Zeitschrift des Vereins für die Rübenzucker-Industrie im Zollverein, 22, 67–75. [Google Scholar]
  99. Schmidt WI. 1936. Doppelbrechung und Feinbau der Eischale von Ascaris megalocephala. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie, 25(2), 181–203. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  100. FvP Schrank. 1788. Verzeichniß der bisher hinlänglich bekannten eingeweidewürmer: nebst einer abhandlung über ihre anverwandtschaften. München: Strobl. p. 117. [Google Scholar]
  101. Schulz RS. 1924. Oxyuridae myshey Armenii [Oxyuridae of mice of Armenia]. Proceedings of Tropical Institute of Armenia, 1, 41–51. [Google Scholar]
  102. Senecal J, Nordin A, Vinnerås B. 2020. Fate of Ascaris at various pH, temperature and moisture levels. Journal of Water and Health, 18(3), 375–382. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Stein KK, Golden A. 2018. The C. elegans eggshell, in: WormBook, Labouesse M, Moerman DG, Editors. p. 1–36. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  104. Sukontason KL, Sukontason K, Piangjai S, Vogtsberger RC. 2006. Ultrastructure of eggs of Paracapillaria (Crossicapillaria) philippinensis and evidence related to its life cycle. Micron, 37(1), 87–90. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Supperer R. 1953. Capillaria böhmi spec. nov., eine neue haarwurmart aus den stirnhöhlen des fuchses. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde, 16(1), 51–55. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Lia RP, Castagna G, Meloni S, Heine J, Strube K, Milillo P, Otranto D, Meckes O, Schaper R. 2011. New insights into morphological and biological features of Capillaria aerophila (Trichocephalida, Trichuridae). Parasitology Research, 109(1), 97–104. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  107. Ubelaker JE, Allison VF. 1975. Scanning electron microscopy of the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, A. suum, Toxocara canis, and T. mystax. Journal of Parasitology, 61(5), 802–807. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  108. Valles-Vega I, Molina-Fernández D, Benítez R, Hernández-Trujillo S, Adroher FJ. 2017. Early development and life cycle of Contracaecum multipapillatum sl from a brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis in the Gulf of California. Mexico. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 125(3), 167–178. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. van Megen H, van den Elsen S, Holterman M, Karssen G, Mooyman P, Bongers T, Holovachov O, Bakker J, Helder J. 2009. A phylogenetic tree of nematodes based on about 1200 full-length small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Nematology, 11(6), 927–950. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  110. Walton AC. 1929. Studies on some nematodes of North American frogs. I. Journal of Parasitology, 15(4), 227–240. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  111. Wharton DA. 1978. The trichurid egg-shell: Evidence in support of the Bouligand hypothesis of helicoidal architecture. Tissue and Cell, 10(4), 647–658. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  112. Wharton DA. 1979. Oogenesis and egg-shell formation in Aspiculuris tetraptera Schulz (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea). Parasitology, 78(2), 131–143. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Wharton DA. 1979. The structure and formation of the egg-shell of Hammerschmidtiella diesingi Hammerschmidt (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea). Parasitology, 79(1), 1–12. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  114. Wharton DA. 1979. The structure and formation of the egg-shell of Syphacia obvelata Rudolphi (Nematoda: Oxyurida). Parasitology, 79(1), 13–28. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Wharton DA. 1979. The structure of the egg-shell of Aspiculuris tetraptera Schulz (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea). Parasitology, 78(2), 145–154. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Wharton DA. 1979. The structure of the egg-shell of Porrocaecum ensicaudatum (Nematoda: Ascaridida). International Journal for Parasitology, 9(2), 127–131. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  117. Wharton DA. 1980. Nematode egg-shells. Parasitology, 81(2), 447–463. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Wharton DA. 1980. Studies on the function of the oxyurid egg-shell. Parasitology, 81(1), 103–113. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  119. Wharton DA. 1986. A functional biology of nematodes. Baltimore Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 192. [Google Scholar]
  120. Wharton DA, Jenkins T. 1978. Structure and chemistry of the egg-shell of a nematode (Trichuris suis). Tissue and Cell, 10(3), 427–440. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  121. Wilson F, Gillett-Kaufman JL. 2020. Fish Nematode Huffmanela spp. (Enoplea: Trichinellida: Trichosomoididae). Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. p. 4-4. [Google Scholar]
  122. Wollenweber HW. 1923. Krankheiten und Beschädigungen der Kartoffel, vol. 7, Berlin: Verlagsbuchhandlung Paul Parey. p. 56. [Google Scholar]
  123. Worsham MLD, Huffman DG, Moravec F, Gibson JR. 2016. The life cycle of Huffmanela huffmani Moravec, 1987 (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae), an endemic marine-relict parasite of Centrarchidae from a Central Texas spring. Folia Parasitologica, 63, 020. [Google Scholar]
  124. Yuen P-H. 1971. Electron microscope studies on Aphelenchoides blastophthorus (Nematoda). Nematologica, 17(1), 13–22. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  125. Žďárská Z, Huffman DG, Moravec F, Nebesářová J. 2001. Egg shell ultrastructure of the fish nematode Huffmanela huffmani (Trichosomoididae). Folia Parasitologica, 48, 231–234. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.