Expression levels of M1/M2-related factors in rTsSPc-treated RAW264.7 macrophages. A: qPCR assay of mRNA expression levels of M1/M2-related factors. RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with rTsSPc for 24 h. rTsSPc drove macrophage M1 polarization and increased mRNA levels of M1-related factors. M1-related genes include iNOS, IL-6, and TNF-α, while M2-related genes include Arg1, IL-10, and TGF-β. Their mRNA expression levels were calculated using the Ct^(2−ΔΔCt) method, with β-actin serving as the housekeeping gene. B: Western blot of expression levels of iNOS and Arg1 in RAW264.7 cells. C: ELISA detection of cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β, and IL-10) produced from rTsSPc-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Each test had three replicates. * p < 0.05 compared to the DMEM group.