Table 1
Molecular products derived from C. sinensis infection and associated host response molecular biomarkers.
| Category | Representative biomarkers/molecules | Study subject | Main findings | Sample size | Cohort type | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miRNA, Exosomes | miR-21, miR-150, exosomal miR-21 | Plasma, CCA Cells, EVs | miR-21 is upregulated, predicts prognosis, promotes tumor progression; EV-carried miRNAs participate in malignant transformation. | miR-21: n = 74 (74 ICC post resection)miR-150: n = 70 (35 CCA/35 controls)exosomal miR-21: n = 60 (30 CCA/30 controls) |
|
[15, 38, 44, 51, 64, 77] |
| DNA Methylation | Specific Loci | Biliary Brush Samples, Plasma DNA | Can distinguish CCA from non-cancer; some panels differentiate HCC from CCA. | Tissue Samples: n = 93 (39 CCA/54 controls)Biliary Brushing Samples: 103 samples from 92 patients. | Retrospective Study | [2, 4] |
| Proteomics | Differential Proteins, ESP-induced Proteins, Antigens | CCA Tissue, Serum, ESP | ESP proteins activate host cells; ω-GST serves as a serological marker; differential proteomics identifies candidates. | ω-class GST: n = 499 (207 liver fluke-infected/252 other parasitic infections/40 controls) | ω-class GST: Retrospective cohort study. | [1, 13, 29, 32, 49, 79] |
| Parasite-Specific Molecules | CsCathepsin B | Parasite Proteins, Host Tissue | Associated with tissue damage and biliary epithelial alterations. | – | Retrospective Pathological Sample Study | [11, 29] |
| Metabolomics | γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, D-glucuronic acid | Serum from Infected Individuals | Can distinguish infection status, suggests link between infection and carcinogenesis. | n = 30 (22 C. sinensis-infected cases/8 controls). | Retrospective Cohort Study | [60] |
It summarizes potential molecular biomarkers from various categories including miRNAs, DNA methylation, proteins, parasite-specific molecules, and metabolites. Includes representative biomarkers, study subjects, key findings, sample sizes, study types, and references. “–” refers to “Not mentioned”.
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