Pathogenic mechanisms induced by CsEVs. It depicts how CsEVs facilitate processes such as cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation, migration, and inflammation microenvironment formation by transferring bioactive molecules such as miRNAs, proteins and activating pathways like NF-κB/EMT. CCAs: Cholangiocarcinoma, IL-1β: Interleukin-1 beta, TNF-α: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, EVs: Extracellular Vesicles, NF-κB: Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, ERK: Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase, EMT: Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, PTEN: Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog, SLC7A11: Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11, GPX4: Glutathione Peroxidase 4.