Pathogenic mechanisms induced by C. sinensis excretory/secretory products (ESPs). It illustrates the mechanisms by which ESPs promote biliary epithelial cell proliferation, fibrosis, and malignant transformation through the activation of pathways such as EGFR, ROS, and inflammatory signaling. HIBECs refers to Human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells. IL-6: Interleukin-6, JAK2: Janus Kinase 2, STAT3: Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3, TGF-β: Transforming Growth Factor-beta, TNF-α: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, HIBECs: Human In Biliary Epithelial Cells, THP-1: Human monocytic leukemia cell line.