Table 5
Nanoparticle carriers with miltefosine, pentamidine or SSG.
| Type of nanoparticle/Main components | Leishmania species | Administration/host species | Effect compared to drug’s free form | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Miltefosine | ||||
| Polymeric nanoparticle/PLGA-PEG with CD14 | L. donovani | IV/hamster | Efficacy increased with a decrease of EC50 due to specific macrophage targeting. | [49] |
| Liposome/PC – Cholesterol | L. infantum | O/mouse | Toxicity decreased (macrophages, gastrointestinal irritability) due to oral administration and increased stability. | [29] |
| Liposome/PC – Cholesterol | L. major | T/mouse | Limitation of systemic toxicity by topical application. | [100] |
| Polymeric nanoparticle/PLGA – Mannosylated thiolated chitosan | L. donovani | O/mouse | Efficacy increased (decreased IC50) due to high tissue permeation, with decrease toxicity. | [2] |
| Liposome/PC – PEG | L. infantum | IV/mouse | Increased efficacy by targeting the spleen, liver, and lungs. Increased persistence in blood through stabilization. | [32] |
| Solid lipid nanoparticle/Stearic acid | L. major | IM/mouse | Efficacy increased with immunomodulatory effects towards a Th1 response. | [41] |
| Pentamidine | ||||
| Polymeric nanoparticle/PLGA | L. infantum | O/mouse | Facilitated administration by oral use. | [102] |
| SSG | ||||
| Liposome/Phospholipon® | L. tropica | T/mouse | Increased efficacy (decreased IC50 and increased selectivity index). Better retention in deep skin layers without permeation enhancers. | [19] |
IV: intravenous; IM: intramuscular; O: oral; T: topical; PLGA: poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid; PEG: polyethylene glycol; PC: phosphatidylcholine. EC50: half-maximal effective concentration, IC50: half-maximal inhibitory concentration. Mouse model used in articles is BALB/c mice. Hamster model used in articles is Syrian Golden Hamsters.
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