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All issues Volume 31 (2024) Parasite, 31 (2024) 44 Full HTML
Open Access
Issue
Parasite
Volume 31, 2024
Article Number 44
Number of page(s) 5
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2024044
Published online 07 August 2024

© E. Tielemans et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2024

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction

Amblyomma maculatum (Koch, 1844), the ‘Gulf Coast Tick’, is a three-host Ixodidae infesting a wide range of vertebrate species. Immature forms mainly feed on birds and small mammals, while adults feed on larger mammals including livestock, dogs, cats, and wildlife (e.g., coyotes, skunks, panthers, and bears). Humans may occasionally be infested. The Gulf Coast tick is well adapted to coastal lands, woodlands, and xerophilic environments [8, 20, 29, 34]. It was historically described in coastal regions of Texas, South Carolina, and parts of Central and South America, and mainly in livestock [12, 20, 29]. Over the last few decades an expansion to the Northeast and Midwest USA, for example in Kansas and Oklahoma, has been observed [13, 17, 19, 28], likely through livestock population movement, wildlife population interactions, namely birds, coyotes, deer, and through climatic change [1–3, 30, 31, 33]. It is a tick species of significant veterinary and public health importance. The bites of A. maculatum can cause marked and painful inflammatory reactions with consequent edema, abscesses, and predisposition for myiasis and secondary infections [10, 23, 29]. Gulf Coast ticks preferentially infest the ears of host animals. In ruminants, infestations of the external ear commonly cause ear deformation, swelling, and drooping described as ‘gotch ear’ [10]; severe infestations may cause lethargy and weakness [34]. Importantly, A. maculatum is a vector of several human and animal pathogens [14–16, 32]. In humans, A. maculatum is described as the main vector of Rickettsia parkeri, the agent of ‘Tidewater spotted fever’, an eschar-associated febrile illness [9, 20, 22–24]. In animals, A. maculatum is the main vector of Hepatozoon americanum the agent of the American canine hepatozoonosis [5, 11, 25]. Feline hepatozoonosis has been reported in regions where the canine disease is present, but the feline Hepatozoon species have not been formally identified and their vector is not described [4]. Other pathogens of importance transmitted by A. maculatum are Rickettsia felis (feline rickettsiosis), Leptospira pomona (livestock leptospirosis), and Ehrlichia ruminantium (heartwater in livestock) [32].

NexGard® Combo is a topical endectoparasiticide product for cats combining esafoxolaner, an isoxazoline compound with insecticidal and acaricidal activity, eprinomectin and praziquantel, nematicidal and cestodicidal compounds, respectively. This product was designed to provide a broad spectrum parasiticide solution for cats, as mixed infestations are common in this species [6, 7, 21]. This product was already demonstrated to be efficacious against Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes scapularis, the temperate lineage of Rhipicephalus sanguineus, and Amblyomma americanum [26–28, 35].

This manuscript describes a study conducted to evaluate the efficacy of NexGard® Combo against induced infestations with A. maculatum in cats.

Materials and methods

Ethics

Animals were managed with due regard for their wellbeing and the study designs were reviewed and approved by the Sponsor and local Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees.

Study design

This study, conducted in 2023, was designed in accordance with Good Clinical Practices as described in International Cooperation on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products (VICH) guideline GL9 and was designed in accordance with the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of parasiticides for the treatment, prevention, and control of flea and tick infestation on dogs and cats [18].

This study was conducted under a randomized design, based on a pre-treatment live attached A. maculatum count, 48 h after infestation. The efficacy assessment was based on comparison of live attached ticks found in an untreated control group and a treated group at identical weekly time-points after treatment. All personnel collecting animal health and efficacy data were masked to treatment assignment.

Animals and husbandry

Twenty purpose-bred, healthy domestic shorthair cats, ten males and ten females, aged 1.5–5.5 years old and weighing 3.1–5.3 kg were included in the study. To avoid inter-animal treatment contamination, cats were single housed, with visual and auditory contact with conspecifics. Cats were housed in an indoor, environmentally controlled unit. Cats were fed a daily ration of age-appropriate certified commercial cat diet (Hill’s Science Plan adult cat food with chicken) and had permanent access to potable water.

Amblyomma maculatum isolate

The A. maculatum ticks had originally been collected by Arachni-Med Research LLC (Sunbury, Ohio, USA) in 2021 from the field in Hutchinson, Reno County, Kansas, USA. The colony was obtained by the test facility in March 2022 where it was maintained on rabbits not previously treated with acaricides. At least two generations were produced at the test facility before use.

Treatment

Cats were treated once on Day 0. NexGard® Combo was applied topically per label recommendations, but at the minimum recommended dose of 0.12 mL/kg, delivering 1.44 mg/kg esafoxolaner, 0.48 mg/kg eprinomectin, and 10.0 mg/kg praziquantel. Cats assigned to the untreated control group were identically applied mineral oil at 0.12 mL/kg.

To detect the presence or absence of any treatment-related or unrelated health abnormality, health observations were conducted 1, 3, and 6 h after treatment application and daily afterwards, until the end of the study.

Tick infestations

Each cat was infested in a random order, on Days −2, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42. To facilitate tick infestation, cats were sedated with an intramuscular injection of 0.1 mg/kg medetomidine and placed in an infestation chamber. Fifty (±4) unfed adult A. maculatum with a balanced sex ratio were placed on the lateral side of each sedated cat and care was taken to avoid the treatment application site. After a maximum of 4 h and full recovery from sedation (no reversion product was used), cats were returned to their housing enclosure.

Tick counts

Tick counts and removals were performed 72 h following treatment and subsequent infestations (on Days 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, and 45). For each count, ticks were identified visually or through fingertip palpation and hair parting of the whole body. After tick removal, the whole body was combed using a fine-toothed comb for a second check for tick presence (any tick found in a comb was classified as ‘attached’). Each tick was observed for signs of viability or mortality. A tick was considered alive when any level of motion or response to stimuli was detected. Ticks were classified as attached or free and live or dead. Protective clothing (e.g., gowns/coats, gloves, etc.) and combs were changed between each cat to prevent cross-contamination.

Statistical analysis

The statistical unit was the individual cat. Differences in live attached tick counts between untreated control and treated cats were used to determine efficacy.

The efficacy at each time-point was calculated using the formula:

Efficacy (%)= 100 × (LSMc – LSMt)/LSMc,  where:$$ \mathrm{Efficacy}\enspace (\%)=\enspace 100\enspace \times \enspace (\mathrm{LSMc}\enspace \endash \enspace \mathrm{LSMt})/\mathrm{LSMc},\enspace \mathbf{Error:02000} \mathrm{where}: $$

LSMc = least square mean number of live attached ticks in the untreated control group

LSMt = least square mean number of live attached ticks in the investigational veterinary product (IVP)-treated group

For each time-point, a linear mixed model was performed to test for a difference between the (untransformed) live attached tick counts in the IVP-treated and untreated control group. The model included treatment as a fixed effect and block as a random effect, at a 5% two-sided level.

The treatment was considered effective for the control of A. maculatum, when the following three criteria were met:

  • Adequate infestation, defined as ≥25% retention of live ticks in at least six control cats and at each time-point.

  • Calculated efficacy of ≥90%, at each time-point.

  • Statistically significant difference (p ˂ 0.05) between the tick numbers in the untreated control and treated group with a higher number of live ticks in the control group, at each time-point.

Results

The efficacy results are detailed in Table 1.

Table 1

Efficacy of the investigational veterinary product (IVP) against Amblyomma maculatum infestations 72 h after treatment and subsequent weekly infestations.

Inclusive of all time-points, the average number of live attached ticks found on the untreated control cats was 28.1 (i.e., 56.2% retention), and individually these numbers ranged from 13 (26%) to 43 (86%). This demonstrated a vigorous tick population and adequate infestations of cats throughout the study, with 100% of untreated cats adequately infested at each time-point.

The curative efficacy of a single application of NexGard® Combo against existing tick infestation, 72 h after treatment was 98.7%. The preventive efficacy 72 h after weekly infestations over the following five weeks ranged from 93.8% to 99.4%.

Over the course of the study, tick bite reactions requiring, for some, topical treatment with an ointment combining antibiotics and corticosteroids were observed on several cats (8 cats from the untreated control group and 4 cats from the treated group), and the attending veterinarian recommended the removal of 7 cats (4 cats from the untreated control group and 3 cats from the treated group) mostly before the last infestation (on Day 42), for animal welfare considerations. No adverse reaction related to treatment was observed and no concurrent medication that may have interfered with the study results was used.

Discussion

This is the first time that an induced infestation with A. maculatum is described in cats. The weekly reduction levels of live attached A. maculatum consistently exceeding 93% for five weeks in the treated cats provided a demonstration of immediate and sustained efficacy of one application of NexGard® Combo against the infestations. This was supported by the high rate of live attached ticks in all untreated control animals 72 h after each infestation, demonstrating that the A. maculatum isolate used in this study was vigorous and well adapted to feline induced infestation. This high attachment rate also suggests that cats are competent hosts of A. maculatum in the field. It is noteworthy to observe that the adult A. maculatum bites in this study caused significant skin reactions to their feline host in several instances, as already described in other host species, for example in livestock [10, 23, 29]. Seven out of the 20 cats were removed before the end of the 5 weekly infestations for welfare consideration, demonstrating the direct pathogenic effect of this tick species. Amblyomma maculatum is a tick species infesting several mammalian species and of significant veterinary and human health importance, because it may cause significant inflammatory bite wounds and because it is a known vector of several pathogens [5, 11, 25, 32]. There is currently no feline product with a registered efficacy against A. maculatum in cats. The study described here supports the use of NexGard® Combo to protect cats in areas endemic for A. maculatum.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the staff at Clinvet International for conducting the study to a high professional standard.

Conflicts of interest

The work reported herein was funded by Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health. Eric Tielemans and Frederic Beugnet are current employees of Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health. Other than that, the authors declare no conflict of interest. This document is provided for scientific purposes only. Any reference to a brand or trademark herein is for information purposes only and is not intended for any commercial purposes or to dilute the rights of the respective owners of the brand(s) or trademark(s).

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Cite this article as: Tielemans E, Rautenbach C, Khumalo Z & Beugnet F. 2024. Efficacy of a topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against Amblyomma maculatum infestations in cats. Parasite 31, 44.

All Tables

Table 1

Efficacy of the investigational veterinary product (IVP) against Amblyomma maculatum infestations 72 h after treatment and subsequent weekly infestations.

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