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All issues Volume 31 (2024) Parasite, 31 (2024) 10 Full HTML
Open Access
Issue
Parasite
Volume 31, 2024
Article Number 10
Number of page(s) 6
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2024008
Published online 28 February 2024

© A. Di Cesare et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2024

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction

Thelazia callipaeda Railliet and Henry, 1910 (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) is a parasitic nematode causing ocular infection in a wide range of mammals, including cats, dogs, rabbits, and various wildlife species [1, 5]. This parasite may be of public health concern because it can also infect humans [5, 6, 26]. Its life cycle is indirect, involving definitive hosts (mammals) and intermediate vector hosts (fruit flies). In mammals, T. callipaeda inhabit the conjunctival sac and can also be found beneath the nictitating membrane. After mating, female worms release first-stage larvae (L1) in conjunctival secretions of the definitive host. The L1 are ingested by zoophilic male fruit flies when they feed on conjunctival fluids. Within the intermediate host, the L1 develop into the infective third-stage larvae (L3) [19, 21]. Transmission to a new vertebrate host takes place when male flies carry L3 infective stages and feed once again on the tear secretions of definitive hosts. In Europe, Phortica variegata (Drosophilidae, Steganinae) is the main fruit fly species acting as vector [1, 19, 21].

In the past decade, the parasite has spread in Europe, with reported cases of autochthonous transmission of T. callipaeda in pets in many European countries [5, 13, 23]. In Europe, cases of feline thelaziosis have been reported in Italy, France, Austria, Switzerland, Portugal, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Greece, Romania [5], Germany [24], Spain [11], and Slovakia [13].

Clinical pictures of feline thelaziosis can vary in severity, ranging from subclinical cases to clinical signs such as tearing, eye scratching and inflammation, conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharospasm, purulent exudations, and corneal ulcers [11, 28].

Timely and accurate diagnosis, followed by an effective therapeutic approach, is pivotal to safeguard animal health and reduce the circulation of T. callipaeda among intermediate and definitive hosts [28]. Nonetheless, there are limited treatment choices available for feline thelaziosis [14, 22], even though the confirmation of the efficacy of the macrocyclic lactone eprinomectin against the infection in cats is noteworthy [28].

The present study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the broad spectrum parasiticide formulation containing esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel (NexGard® Combo) against T. callipaeda in naturally infected cats under field conditions.

Materials and methods

This clinical efficacy, negative controlled and blinded field study was conducted from February 2022 to May 2023, using a randomized block design based on order of inclusion. The ratio treated cats:untreated control was 1:1. The study was conducted in an area of northern Italy where T. callipaeda was previously observed in domestic and wild animals [18, 28]. Approval to conduct the study was obtained from the Italian regulatory authority (Italian Health Ministry, authorization no. 0004411-21/02/2022-DGSAF-MDS-A). The study was carried out on client-owned cats with written informed consent from the owner.

Study design

On SD 0, sixteen privately owned healthy cats fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included. Inclusion criteria were: i) at least one live T. callipaeda worm in at least one eye, ii) ≥0.8 kg, iii) ≥8 weeks old, and iv) healthy (except for T. callipaeda-related clinical signs). Cats were excluded if they were: i) debilitated or suffering from disease or injury (other than eyeworm parasite infection), ii) fractious or otherwise unsuitable for inclusion, or iii) pregnant females or cats intended for breeding during the study.

After inclusion (SD 0), cats were randomly allocated to the untreated control group (Group 1 – G1) or to the NexGard® Combo group (Group 2 – G2), treated on SD 0 according to the label instructions.

On SD 0, 7, and 14 (±1) cats were assessed for the presence of T. callipaeda by ocular examination and for clinical signs associated with thelaziosis. Specifically, bilateral ocular examination was carried out to assess the presence of clinical signs potentially related to thelaziosis and the infection level by T. callipaeda was categorized as: 0 worm, 1 worm, 2–5 worms, and >5 worms. No attempt was made to mechanically remove the eyeworms.

On SD 14, after ocular assessment, the conjunctival fornix of both eyes was flushed with ~5 mL of saline solution (0.9%) for confirmation of parasite presence/absence and recovery. Thelazia callipaeda parasites were removed, counted separately for each eye and stored in 70% ethanol for morphological and molecular identification [4, 17, 25]. Specifically, the molecular identification was performed by amplifying a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1, 689 bp) using primers NTF (5′-TGATTGGTGGTTTTGGTAA-3′) and NTR (5′-ATAAGTACGAGTATCAATATC-3′) [4, 20]. Amplicons were then sequenced and aligned, and sequences were compared with those in GenBank®. On SD 14, after the ocular assessment, G1 cats received a rescue treatment.

Efficacy criteria

The primary criterion for the assessment of efficacy was the proportion of cats free of T. callipaeda worms on SD 14 in the treated group (G2) compared with the control group (G1). Cats were considered negative if no T. callipaeda worms were recovered on SD 14. The efficacy (%) was calculated at each time point using the following formula:

The second efficacy criterion for the assessment of curative efficacy was to compare the treatment groups with respect to the number of worms on SD 14 and/or presence of clinical signs caused by the eyeworm infection.

Counts were transformed to the natural logarithm of (count +1) for calculation of geometric means for each treatment group. Worm count reduction was calculated for each time-point using the following formula:

C: geometric mean among Control Group; T: geometric mean among the treated cats.

The differences between the groups were evaluated using a non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test.

All testing was two-sided at the significance level α = 0.05.

Results

Sixteen client-owned cats (10 males and 6 females) from 7 months to 16 years of age and weighing 2.1 to 5.2 kg were included in the study. All cats lived outdoors or were allowed to free-roam. Both G1 and G2 consisted of 8 cats each. No concomitant treatments were necessary for any of the enrolled cats (based on standard criteria for thelaziosis management and pain relief), and no adverse reactions occurred during the study. All worms collected were identified as T. callipaeda. All samples produced amplicons of the expected size (689 bp). The sequence showed 100% homology with T. callipaeda mitochondrial partial COI gene for cytochrome oxidase subunit I, haplotype h1 (GenBank® accession number AM042549.1).

Parasitological efficacy

On SD 0, all cats were infected by T. callipaeda. On SD 7 and 14, the eight G2 cats were negative for eyeworm infection, while all cats in G1 were still infected (Table 1). Efficacy based on the proportion of cats free from eyeworm infection was 100% on both SD 7 and 14 (p < 0.0001, using a non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test) (Table 2).

Table 1

Individual level of Thelazia callipaeda infection on SD 0 and SD 7 and count after flushing on SD 14.

Table 2

Efficacy based on the number of infected cats on SD 7 and 14. The difference between the groups was significant at p = 0.0001 on both SD 7 and SD 14, using a non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test.

On SD 14, G1 cats harbored an average of two worms per cats, compared to zero in G2 (100% efficacy). This difference is significant with a p-value of p < 0.0001 (non-parametric Wilcoxon sum rank test).

Clinical efficacy

On SD 0, 15/16 (93.75%) cats (7 in G1 and 8 in G2) displayed inflammatory ocular signs (Table 3). On SD 7, all 8 untreated cats (G1) and 7/8 cats from G2 displayed inflammatory ocular signs. On SD 14, 5/8 cats from G2 had recovered, while the 8 cats from G1 still showed clinical signs. A statistically significant difference between G2 and G1 was observed for lacrimation and conjunctivitis with a χ2 test p of 0.0117 and 0.0005, respectively (p = 0.0001, using a non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test) on SD 14.

Table 3

Number (n/tot) and percentage (%) of cats showing one or more ocular signs compatible with thelaziosis on SD 0, 7, and 14.

Discussion

This is the first clinical study assessing the curative efficacy of the topical combination containing esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel (NexGard® Combo) against T. callipaeda in naturally infected cats. This clinical study provides evidence that a single application of this product is effective and safe for eradicating eyeworms within 7 days after treatment. Furthermore, the results demonstrated a significant reduction of clinical signs caused by T. callipaeda infections after the administration of the product.

Feline thelaziosis may pose a significant challenge in feline veterinary practice due to nonspecific clinical signs (e.g., conjunctivitis and epiphora/lacrimation) displayed by infected cats. These signs frequently overlap with those of more prevalent feline clinical conditions, including viral or bacterial infections. Hence, ocular signs often lead to the prescription of antibiotic or steroid-based eye drops without an accurate diagnosis. This practice is partly attributable to the reluctance to perform a comprehensive ophthalmic examination, a procedure that typically requires sedation or general anesthesia in cats [11, 15, 24].

To date, in Europe, the only licensed treatment option for feline thelaziosis is a spot-on formulation containing moxidectin/imidacloprid which showed an efficacy of 93.3% and 100% at 14- and 28-days post-treatment, respectively [22]. Other formulations have been evaluated off label in the treatment of T. callipaeda infections in cats. An oral product containing milbemycin oxime had an efficacy of 53.3% after a single treatment and of 73.3% after two treatments 2 weeks apart [14]. A spot-on formulation containing fipronil, (S)-methoprene, eprinomectin and praziquantel (BroadlineTM) proved 100% efficacy within 2 weeks after a single treatment [28]. This latter product contains the same amount of eprinomectin and praziquantel as NexGard® Combo and, accordingly, the results herein presented are consistent with what was observed in the previous efficacy study [28]. Of note, a single administration of NexGard® Combo was effective at eliminating T. callipaeda infection within a shorter timeframe than previously reported for BroadlineTM (i.e., 7 days vs. 14 days) [28].

From a clinical perspective, most treated cats showed a significant improvement of ocular signs, within 2 weeks of treatment. The persistence of clinical signs on SD 14 in some cats that were negative for T. callipaeda could be attributed to underlying chronic lesions, caused by the irritative action of the parasite striated cuticle, which may require more time for complete healing, as previously observed [16, 28]. Importantly, cats that still showed clinical signs at the end of the study had a high parasitic burden when enrolled.

The prompt resolution of the infection observed in the present study is not only beneficial for the affected cats but also for humans. In fact, these findings also have implications from a public health standpoint. Effective management of T. callipaeda in domestic cats minimizes the risk of zoonotic transmission to humans by reducing the occurrence of T. callipaeda among animal and human populations. This is relevant especially where T. callipaeda is endemic and poses a potential threat to both animals and people. Despite the fact that human thelaziosis is a rare disease, clinical cases have been described in several European countries (e.g., Italy, Croatia, Germany, France, Spain, and Serbia) [5].

The monthly administration of macrocyclic lactones has proven effective in preventing thelaziosis in dogs [10, 12], while in cats, eprinomectin in combination with fipronil, (S)-methoprene, and praziquantel demonstrated high efficacy against the developing stages of lungworms and heartworms [2, 7, 8]. Therefore, the potential of eprinomectin in the prevention of the establishment of adult Thelazia spp. in cats warrants further investigation.

In conclusion, this study provides evidence of the clinical efficacy and safety of NexGard® Combo against T. callipaeda in naturally infected cats. The observed reduction in clinical signs and clearance of the infection, coupled with the absence of adverse effects and the easy-to-apply spot-on formulation, underscores its potential suitability as a treatment option. The rapid and sustained efficacy demonstrated in this study further supports the potential of the product as a valuable tool in the management and control of parasitic infection in feline populations [3, 9, 27].

Conflict of interest

The authors Angela Di Cesare, Stefania Zanet, Donato Traversa, Mariasole Colombo and Ezio Ferroglio declare that they have not conflict of interest. The authors Eric Tielemans and Frederic Beugnet, are employees of Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Lyon, France, which sponsored the study.

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Cite this article as: Di Cesare A, Zanet S, Traversa D, Colombo M, Tielemans E, Beugnet F & Ferroglio E. 2024. Efficacy of a combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel (NexGard® Combo) against Thelazia callipaeda in naturally infected cats. Parasite 31, 10.

All Tables

Table 1

Individual level of Thelazia callipaeda infection on SD 0 and SD 7 and count after flushing on SD 14.

In the text
Table 2

Efficacy based on the number of infected cats on SD 7 and 14. The difference between the groups was significant at p = 0.0001 on both SD 7 and SD 14, using a non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test.

In the text
Table 3

Number (n/tot) and percentage (%) of cats showing one or more ocular signs compatible with thelaziosis on SD 0, 7, and 14.

In the text

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