Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from the wild mountain ungulates mouflon and chamois in 4 regions of France

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Table 1

Characteristics of the study areas.

	Environmental characteristics			Altitude range at the sites or used by host species	Wild ungulates inhabiting the area	Study period	References
Study area	Coordinates	Climate	Vegetation
Bauges (French Alps)	45.40°N et 6.13°E	Mountain	Coniferous and beech up to 1,500 m; Cliffs and open grasslands between 1,700 and 2,200 m	Chamois: 1,260–2,081 m	Chamois, Mediterranean mouflon, roe deer, red deer and wild boar	May–September in 2012–2016	[28]
Bauges (French Alps)	45.40°N et 6.13°E	Mountain		Mediterranean mouflon: 897–1,866 m^*		May–September in 2012–2016	[28]
Bazès (French Pyrenees)	43.00°N, 0.23°W	Mountain	Covered by alpine grass (Festuca eskia), rocks and forest (beech Fagus sylvatica and Abies sp.)	1,000–1,800 m	Pyrenean chamois, roe deer, red deer and wild boar	Spring and late summer–early autumn 2011–2012	[56]
Caroux- Espinouse (Massif-Central)	43.63°N, 2.97°E	Mediterranean, oceanic and mountain influences	Irregular mosaic of beech, chestnut, evergreen oak with open areas dominated by moorlands of heather and broom heathlands	Mediterranean mouflon: 591–1,093 m^*	Mediterranean mouflon, roe deer and wild boar	May–mid-July in 2010, 2012 and 2014	[28]
Cinto (Corsica)	42.38°N et 8.90°E	Mediterranean and mountain influences	Mediterranean forests, woodlands and scrub (maquis shrublands); pine forests in the lower levels (supramediterranean and mountainous); in the coolest areas, beech type formations (Fagus sylvatica)	Corsican mouflon: 905–2,017 m^*	Corsican mouflon and Corsican red deer	January–March in 2011–2015	[83]

Altitude range (2.5%–97.5% quantiles) used by host species was determined based on GPS locations from 23 to 299 individuals per species fitted with GPS collars.

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