Table 1
Spiroplasma identification in 8 Glossina species from 10 different countries using 16S rRNA, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and Sanger sequencing.
| Species | Country | Location | Total number of analyzed flies | Number of flies with valid DNA | Nb of Spiroplasma-positive using 16sRNAa | Samples positive with MLST/Samples tested with MLSTb | Samples successfully sequencedc | Confirmation after sequencing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G. brevipalpis | South Africa | Zululand | 50 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Colony | 94 | 94 | 37 | 0/16 | 4 | No | ||
| Phinda | 180 | 180 | 0 | |||||
| G. fuscipes fuscipes | Uganda | Buvuma Island | 147 | 94 | 6 | 6/6 | 6 | Yes |
| G. morsitans morsitans | Zimbabwe | Makuti | 94 | 94 | 17 | 0/6 | 4 | No |
| G. morsitans submorsitans | Burkina Faso | Singou | 3 | 3 | 0 | |||
| Comoe | 32 | 31 | 4 | 0/4 | ||||
| Folonzo | 152 | 135 | 24 | 0/12 | 2 | No | ||
| G. palpalis gambiensis | Senegal | Kedougou | 62 | 60 | 57 | 0/22 | 4 | No |
| Pout | 207 | 199 | 169 | 0/18 | ||||
| Sebikotane | 41 | 39 | 23 | 0/12 | ||||
| Diaka Madia | 80 | 79 | 44 | 0/41 | ||||
| Diacksao Peulh | 70 | 65 | 62 | |||||
| Hann | 31 | 28 | 24 | 0/21 | ||||
| Guinea | Kansaba | 32 | 31 | 29 | 0/9 | |||
| Minipontda | 32 | 29 | 15 | 0/6 | ||||
| Kindoya | 87 | 83 | 80 | 0/66 | ||||
| Ghanda Oundou | 27 | 20 | 14 | 0/10 | ||||
| Fefe | 10 | 10 | 7 | 0/2 | ||||
| Togoue | 21 | 21 | 21 | 0/21 | ||||
| Alahine | 13 | 12 | 12 | 0/12 | ||||
| Boureya Kolonko | 60 | 46 | 46 | 0/38 | ||||
| Mali | Fijira | 14 | 14 | 11 | 0/11 | |||
| Astan | 138 | 126 | 85 | 0/32 | ||||
| Burkina Faso | Comoe | 116 | 82 | 69 | 0/26 | |||
| Kenedougou | 12 | 12 | 5 | |||||
| Folonzo | 153 | 123 | 70 | 0/23 | ||||
| Moussodougou | 54 | 49 | 1 | |||||
| Kartasso | 136 | 118 | 107 | 0/20 | ||||
| G. palpalis palpalis | Republic Democratic of Congo | Katanga | 44 | 23 | 4 | 0/4 | 4 | No |
| G. pallidipes | Ethiopia | Arba mich | 94 | 94 | 24 | 0/8 | 8 | No |
| G. tachinoides | Burkina Faso | Comoe | 119 | 119 | 29 | 24/24 | 24 | Yes |
| Folonzo | 347 | 347 | 188 | 17 | ||||
| Colony (CIRDES)* | 25 | 19 | 2 | 2/2 | 2 | Yes | ||
| Ghana | Walewale | 108 | 108 | 47 | 15/38 | 15 | Yes | |
| Mortani | 41 | 41 | 40 | |||||
| Fumbissi | 14 | 14 | 4 | 4/4 | Yes | |||
| Sissili Bridge | 6 | 6 | 3 | |||||
| Grogro | 11 | 11 | 4 | |||||
| Kumpole | 7 | 7 | 1 |
First, Spiroplasma positive flies were identified using primers designed for the 16S rRNA gene sequence.
Samples that were found to be positive then were tested using the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) gene to confirm the presence of Spiroplasma.
Spiroplasma-positive samples confirmed by both primers (16S rRNA, MLST) or at least the 16S rRNA gene for each species were sequenced.
Samples sequences that did not match with the Spiroplasma sequences and matched with other bacteria were not considered positive for Spiroplasma infection.
Bold indicates successful sequencing.
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