Population structure of G. brevipalpis. (A) Factorial Correspondence Analysis of six G. brevipalpis field and laboratory colony populations on nine selected loci as computed with GENETIX v. 4.0.5.2. For each axis, percentages of inertia are given. (B) Neighbour-joining tree constructed with MEGA11 based on Cavalli-Sforza and Edward’s chord distances between individuals. Branches are labelled according to the sampling site: HLUE 1 and HLUE 2 (South Africa 1 and 2) – green; OVI (Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute) – blue and MOZ 1, 2 and 3 (Mozambique 1, 2 and 3) – red.