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Table 3
Results of univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis of Theileria spp. and Anaplasma ovis PCR-positive infections in sheep and goats in Northern Pakistan.
| Risk factors | Theileria spp. |
Anaplasma ovis
|
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence |
Univariable |
Multivariable |
Prevalence |
Univariable |
Multivariable |
|||||||
| Positive (%) | CI 95% | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | Positive (%) | CI 95% | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Host | ||||||||||||
| Goat | 71 (8.8) | 6.83–10.76 | 0.52 (0.37–0.73) | 0.001 | 0.42 (0.27–0.65) | 0.001 | 63 (7.8) | 6.01–9.74 | 0.48 (0.34–0.68) | 0.001 | 0.83 (0.22–3.86) | 0.001 |
| Sheep | 116 (14.5) | 12.06–16.33 | 111 (13.8) | |||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 59 (7.3) | 5.55–9.18 | 0.8 (0.56–1.14) | 0.242 | 0.54 (0.33–0.85) | 0.001 | 56 (7.0) | 5.23–8.76 | 0.84 (0.58–1.20) | 0.35 | 0.61 (0.23–2.63) | 0.001 |
| Female | 128 (16.0) | 13.45–18.54 | 118 (14.7) | 12.29–17.20 | ||||||||
| Age | ||||||||||||
| < 6 months | 114 (14.2) | 11.71–16.53 | 3.7 (2.71–5.36) | 0.001 | 3.77 (2.44–5.87) | 0.001 | 100 (12.5) | 10.20–14.79 | 3.24 (2.30–4.60) | 0.001 | 1.33 (0.22–5.88) | 0.001 |
| ≥ 6 months | 73 (9.1) | 7.24–11.25 | 74 (9.2) | 7.24–11.25 | ||||||||
| Tick infestation | ||||||||||||
| Present | 174 (21.7) | 18.89–24.61 | 3.43 (0.29–11.75) | 0.001 | 20.9 (11.01–42.63) | 0.001 | 162 (20.2) | 17.46–23.03 | 3.46 (0.31–11.11) | 0.001 | 3.04 (0.34–8.85) | 0.001 |
| Absent | 14 (1.7) | 0.84–2.65 | 12 (1.5) | 0.65–2.35 | ||||||||
| Grazing system | ||||||||||||
| Full grazing | 125 (15.6) | 13.11–18.14 | 116 (14.5) | 12.06–16.93 | ||||||||
| Semi | 40 (5) | 3.48–6.51 | 0.32 (0.26–0.41) | 0.001 | 0.57 (0.42–0.75) | 0.001 | 41 (5.1) | 3.57–6.62 | 0.34 (0.26–0.42) | 0.001 | 0.56 (0.14–3.88) | 0.001 |
| Zero | 21 (2.6) | 1.51–3.73 | 17 (2.1) | 1.10–3.09 | ||||||||
| Acaricides | ||||||||||||
| Regular | 13 (1.6) | 0.73–2.46 | 12 (1.5) | 1.41–3.58 | ||||||||
| Irregular | 40 (5.0) | 3.48–6.51 | 3.30 (2.58–4.29) | 0.001 | 1.25 (0.88–1.01) | 0.18 | 36 (4.5) | 3.06–5.93 | 3.30 (2.57–4.33) | 0.001 | 0.22 (0.17–1.29) | 0.19 |
| No use | 134 (16.7) | 14.16–19.33 | 126 (15.7) | 13.17–18.22 | ||||||||
OR = Odds ratio, CI = Confidence interval. Semi = semi-grazing system.
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