EDP Sciences logo
Submit your paper
Search
Menu
All issues Volume 28 (2021) Parasite, 28 (2021) 25 Full HTML
Issue
Parasite
Volume 28, 2021
Special Issue – NexGard® Combo (esafoxolaner, eprinomectin, praziquantel): A new endectocide spot-on formulation for cats. Invited Editor: Frédéric Beugnet
Article Number 25
Number of page(s) 6
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021021
Published online 02 April 2021

© J. Prullage et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2021

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction

Amblyomma americanum, an Ixodid hard tick, also called the lone star tick, is widely distributed across the East, Center, South East and Midwest of the United States [1, 10, 14, 16, 21, 25, 35]. Amblyomma americanum is especially abundant in and around wooded areas populated by the white-tailed deer, considered to be the primary host for all developmental stages. Characterized by indiscriminant and aggressive feeding behavior, the lone star tick parasitizes a wide variety of medium and large mammals at all development stages, including cats, dogs, wildlife, livestock, humans, and ground dwelling birds like quails and wild turkeys [9, 19, 26, 30, 48]. Amblyomma americanum is seasonal and patterns of abundance vary across the United States. Generally, adults are prevalent on hosts during spring and decline through the summer, nymphs mainly appear in the spring and decline through the summer, and larvae appear in the summer and decline through fall [11, 16, 19].

The most common attachment sites of A. americanum in cats are the ventral, perianal and the tail areas [35]. Adult tick infestations can cause painful focal sores, but more discrete immature forms are responsible for an important proportion of cat infestations, which might contribute to an underestimation of the infestation level by owners and veterinarians [19].

Like all Ixodidae species, A. americanum is a vector of viral, bacterial and protozoan diseases affecting animals and also humans [4–6, 15, 27, 29, 38]. It is a public health concern in South East and Atlantic US states, where it is the tick species most frequently found attached to human beings [24, 25]. It transmits diseases such as ehrlichiosis (caused by Ehrlichia spp.), tularemia (caused by Francisella tularensis), and the southern tick-associated rash illness STARI (presumed to be caused by Borrelia lonestari) [2, 17, 24, 40]. However, it is not a competent vector of Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease [39]. Importantly, A. americanum adults and nymphs are the main vector of Cytauxzoon felis, the most severe and often lethal tick-borne disease in cats [3, 7, 32, 36]. One study reported cytauxzoonosis transmission after exposure to adult A. americanum exceeding 36 h [41].

NexGard® Combo, a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel was developed to offer a wide parasiticide spectrum and integrated control of cat parasites. Esafoxolaner, a novel isoxazoline compound, is the active purified enantiomer of afoxolaner, the racemic mixture. Afoxolaner is commercially available as an oral acaricide and insecticide product for dogs and is efficacious against A. americanum, as a single active substance (NexGard®) or in combination with milbemycin oxime (NexGard Spectra®). Other isoxazoline compounds, such as sarolaner (in combination with selamectin) have been demonstrated to be efficacious against A. americanum in cats [20, 33, 37]. This article describes two studies performed to evaluate the efficacy of this novel formulation for the treatment and control of A. americanum-induced infestations in cats.

Materials and methods

Ethics

The study protocols were reviewed and approved by the Sponsor’s and local Institutional Animal Care and Use committees. Cats were managed and handled similarly and with due regard for their wellbeing.

Study design

The studies were designed in accordance with the “World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of parasiticides for the treatment, prevention and control of flea and tick infestation on dogs and cats”. The studies were conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practices as described in International Cooperation on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products (VICH) guideline GL9.

The two studies were conducted under a negative-controlled and randomized design, based on live A. americanum counts, 72 h after a pre-treatment infestation. The efficacy of the novel formulation was assessed by comparing live tick counts on the placebo control and the novel formulation-treated groups at identical weekly (Study #1) or fortnightly (Study #2) timepoints after treatment. All personnel collecting animal health and efficacy data were blinded to treatment assignments.

The studies were performed in two different licensed establishments in the United States, and had comparable designs. The relevant differences between both studies in terms of context, animals and timepoints are described in Table 1.

Table 1

Main differences between the two studies.

Animals and housing

Twenty purpose-bred, healthy Domestic Long/Short-hair cats were included in each study (Table 1). Cats were single housed during the study to avoid inter-animal treatment contamination, in an environmentally controlled facility. To allow the collection of dead ticks, cats were housed in enclosures that had mesh flooring above a plain collection pan.

Amblyomma americanum isolates

In Study #1, laboratory maintained unfed adult A. americanum from a colony with new genetic material introduced nine months before (in January 2017) were used for the infestations. In Study #2, unfed adult A. americanum, wild-caught in Payne County, Oklahoma, USA in the spring of 2018 were used for the infestations. These ticks were not tested for pathogens.

Treatment

Cats were treated once on Day 0. The treatment was applied topically on the skin, after parting the hair, on one spot in the midline of the neck between the base of the skull and the shoulder blades. Cats assigned to the placebo control group were administered mineral oil at 0.12 mL/kg, cats assigned to the novel formulation treated group were administered the novel formulation at the minimum recommended dose of 0.12 mL/kg, delivering 1.44 mg/kg esafoxolaner, 0.48 mg/kg eprinomectin and 10.0 mg/kg praziquantel.

Health monitoring

Health observations were conducted by qualified personnel daily throughout the study and at hourly intervals for 4 h after treatment for the detection of any abnormal reaction.

Tick infestations

In both studies, cats were infested 48 h before treatment to evaluate curative efficacy at 72 h after treatment, and then weekly or fortnightly 72 h before tick counts for preventive efficacy during the month following treatment (Table 1). In Study #1, cats were sedated, placed in an infestation crate, fitted with an Elizabethan collar and infested with 50 adult unfed A. americanum placed on the back and avoiding the treatment site. After a maximum of 4 h, cats were removed from the crates and the remaining free ticks placed back on the cat (the sedation was not reversed). The Elizabethan collar was left until the corresponding tick count procedure. In Study #2, the same procedure was followed, except that cats were infested in their cage and were not sedated.

Tick counts

Tick counts were performed in a random order. Attached and unattached live and dead ticks were removed and counted approximately 72 h after treatment, and subsequent infestations (Table 1). Ticks were first detected visually and by parting and feeling through the cat’s hair with finger tips, and second by thorough combing of the haircoat using a fine-toothed flea comb. Each detected tick was immediately removed and observed for signs of viability or mortality. Protective clothing (e.g. gowns/coats, gloves, etc.) and combs were changed between each cat to prevent cross-contamination.

Dead ticks found in collection pans beneath wired mesh floor were counted and removed daily during the three days following each infestation, and were tallied to dead ticks found on cats after each infestation timepoint.

Statistical analysis

To compute the percent efficacy, the arithmetic mean of the live tick counts was calculated per group and per infestation timepoint. At each timepoint, the percent efficacy of the novel formulation-treated group compared with the placebo control group was calculated using the formula [(C − T)/C] × 100, where C was the arithmetic mean for the control group and T the arithmetic mean for the treated group. Then, the log-count of the live ticks recovered from the treated group was compared to the log-count of the control group using an F-test adjusted for the allocation blocks at each timepoint separately on a two-sided 5% significance level.

The log-counts of dead ticks recovered from each cat and from the collection pan beneath the wired mesh floor after each infestation of the treated group were compared to the log-counts of the control group using an F-test adjusted for the allocation blocks at each timepoint separately on a two-sided 5% significance level. The MIXED procedure in SAS version 9.4 was used for both analyses, with group listed as a fixed effect and block listed as a random effect.

Results

Table 2 illustrates the efficacy results.

Table 2

Efficacy of NexGard® Combo against Amblyomma americanum.

In Study #1, at all efficacy timepoints, an average of 22.8 live ticks was counted on the placebo control cats and the individual counts ranged from 5 to 40 live ticks. In Study #2, at all efficacy timepoints, an average of 28.4 live ticks was counted on the placebo control cats, and the individual counts ranged from 9 to 48 live ticks. In both studies and at each timepoint, at least 8 of the 10 control cats had 13 (26%) or more live ticks.

In both studies, curative efficacy of one application at the minimum dose of NexGard® Combo on existing tick infestation 72 h after treatment was at least 99.3%. Preventive efficacy over the following four weeks, 72 hours after infestations was at least 91.6%, with a significant difference between the treated and control groups at all timepoints (p < 0.0001).

The numbers of dead ticks collected in the pan beneath each cat during the three days following each infestation, and from the cats at each tick count in both studies, were significantly higher in the NexGard® Combo-treated groups than in the control groups at all timepoints (p < 0.0001).

No adverse reactions related to treatment were observed in either of the two studies. In Study #2, in which wild caught ticks were used, one cat from the placebo-treated group developed acute cytauxzoonosis 16 days after the pre-treatment infestation. The diagnosis was based on clinical signs (lethargy, fever, dehydration, weakness and hyperemic mucous membranes), hematology (pancytopenia), positive piroplasma C. felis blood smear, and histology (abundant organism-laden histocytes and erythrocytes in multiple organs).

Discussion

The calculated efficacy results in these studies demonstrate high efficacy of NexGard® Combo against A. americanum in cats, both curatively within 72 h of treatment application for existing infestations, and preventively within 72 h of new infestations occurring for at least one month after treatment. This result was attained using a vigorous tick population, as demonstrated by the retention of 13 or more ticks in 8 of 10 control cats, exceeding the WAAVP minimum adequate infestation requirement of 6 cats with 12 or more live ticks.

A recent study monitoring year-long ectoparasite infestations in free-roaming cats in the Central United States revealed an overall prevalence of flea and tick infestations of 87.2% and 18.7%, respectively. Among tick infested cats, A. americanum was the most prevalent species (65.9%), followed by Ixodes scapularis (32.5%), and Dermacentor variabilis (10.3%) [42]. Two recent studies characterizing ticks collected on cats in veterinary practices from the four main regions of the United States revealed that, depending on the region, I. scapularis or A. americanum were the most prevalent tick species [21, 35].

Amblyomma americanum is a major vector of C. felis, the agent of cytauxzoonosis, a life-threatening and often fatal protozoan disease of cats [3, 7, 36]. This was exemplified by the development of a severe form of cytauxzoonosis in a control cat in Study #2, following infestations with wild-caught ticks from an area of Oklahoma where A. americanum are known to carry C. felis [29, 34]. Wild felids like bobcats and domestic cats that survive cytauxzoonosis are known to be reservoirs, emphasizing the importance of controlling A. americanum in areas populated by wild felids [8, 34]. None of the cats treated with the novel formulation developed any cytauxzoonosis signs, like after three monthly treatments with another isoxazoline topical formulation for cats (sarolaner and selamectin) with comparable efficacy 72 h after infestations with A. americanum from the same region [33]. This event illustrates the risk of disease transmission from wild caught ticks to cats, and that laboratory-raised ticks are preferable, when possible.

Cats are also susceptible to infections by a broad range of nematodes and cestodes [22, 23, 28]. The control of multiple and various concurrent parasitic infestations by a broad range of cat parasites is important for cats but also for public health [12, 13, 47]. This combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel was approved by the European Medicines Agency on January 13, 2021 with indications covering a broad spectrum of efficacy against the main ecto- and endoparasites of cats [18, 31, 43–46].

Esafoxolaner is the purified and active (S)-enantiomer of afoxolaner, the racemic mixture. The use of a purified enantiomer enables lowering of the exposure dose and thus the potential for side effects and interactions with the other active substances of the combination product.

Conclusion

In two experimental studies of induced infestations with A. americanum, NexGard® Combo provided a high level of efficacy in the treatment and control of A. americanum tick infestations for at least one month.

Competing interest

The work reported herein was funded by Boehringer-Ingelheim. Some of the authors are current employees of Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health. Other than that, the authors declare no conflict of interest. This document is provided for scientific purposes only. Any reference to a brand or trademark herein is for information purposes only and is not intended for any commercial purposes or to dilute the rights of the respective owners of the brand(s) or trademark(s).

NexGard® is a registered trademark of the Boehringer-Ingelheim Group.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the staff at TRS Laboratories and Young Veterinary Research Services for conducting the studies to a high professional standard.

References

  1. Akucewich LH, Philman K, Clark A, Gillespie J, Kunkle G, Nicklin CF, Greiner EC. 2002. Prevalence of ectoparasites in a population of feral cats from north central Florida during the summer. Veterinary Parasitology, 109, 129–139. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Allan BF, Goessling LS, Storch GA, Thach RE. 2010. Blood meal analysis to identify reservoir hosts for Amblyomma americanum ticks. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16, 433–440. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Allen KE, Thomas JE, Wohltjen ML, Reichard MV. 2019. Transmission of Cytauxzoon felis to domestic cats by Amblyomma americanum nymphs. Parasites & Vectors, 12, 28. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Berrada ZL, Telford SR 3rd. 2009. Burden of tick-borne infections on American companion animals. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 24(4), 175–181. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Beugnet F, Halos L. 2015. Parasitoses & vector borne diseases of cats. Beugnet F, Halos L, Scientific Editors. Lyon, France: Ferreol, 381 p. ISBN 978-2-9550805-0-4. [Google Scholar]
  6. Beugnet F, Halos L, Guillot J. 2018. Chapter: Tick Infestation. Textbook of Clinical Parasitology in dogs and cats. Printed in France: Ed. Grupo Asis. p. 236–249. [Google Scholar]
  7. Birkenheuer AJ, Le JA, Valenzisi AM, Tucker MD, Levy MG, Breitschwerdt EB. 2006. Cytauxzoon felis infection in cats in the mid-Atlantic states: 34 cases (1998–2004). Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, 228, 568–571. [Google Scholar]
  8. Birkenheuer AJ, Marr HS, Warren C, Acton AE, Mucker EM, Humphreys JG, Tucker MD. 2008. Cytauxzoon felis infections are present in bobcats (Lynx rufus) in a region where cytauxzoonosis is not recognized in domestic cats. Veterinary Parasitology, 153, 126–130. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Blagburn BL, Dryden MW. 2009. Biology, treatment, and control of flea and tick infestations. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 39(6), 1173–1200. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  10. Burroughs JE, Thomasson JA, Marsella R, Greiner EC, Allan SA. 2016. Ticks associated with domestic dogs and cats in Florida, USA. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 69, 87–95. [Google Scholar]
  11. Davidson WR, Siefken DA, Creekmore LH. 1994. Seasonal and annual abundance of Ambyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) in central Georgia. Journal of Medical Entomology, 31, 67–71. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Deplazes P, van Knapen F, Schweiger A, Overgaauw PA. 2011. Role of pet dogs and cats in the transmission of helminthic zoonoses in Europe, with a focus on echinococcosis and toxocarosis. Veterinary Parasitology, 182, 41–53. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Dryden MW, Hodgkins E. 2010. Vector-borne diseases in pets: the stealth health threat. Compendium on Continuing Education, 32(6), E1–E4. [Google Scholar]
  14. Dryden MW, Payne PA. 2004. Biology and control of ticks infesting dogs and cats in North America. Veterinary Therapeutics, 5, 139–154. [Google Scholar]
  15. Estrada-Peña A, de la Fuente J. 2014. The ecology of ticks and epidemiology of tick-borne viral diseases. Antiviral Research, 108, 104–128. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Glass GE, Ganser C, Wisely SM, Kessler WH. 2019. Standardized Ixodid Tick Survey in Mainland Florida. Insects, 10, 235. [Google Scholar]
  17. Goddard J, Varela-Stokes AS. 2009. Role of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), in human and animal diseases. Veterinary Parasitology, 160, 1–12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Knaus M, Baker C, Alva R, Mitchell E, Irwin J, Shukullari E, Veliu A, Ibarra-Velarde F, Liebenberg J, Reinemeyer C, Tielemans E, Wakeland K, Johnson C. 2021. Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel in cats against against Toxocara cati and Dipylidium caninum . Parasite, 28, 28. [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  19. Kollars TM Jr, Oliver JH Jr, Durden LA, Kollars PG. 2000. Host association and seasonal activity of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) in Missouri. Journal of Parasitology, 5, 1156–1159. [Google Scholar]
  20. Kryda K, Mahabir SP, Chapin S, Holzmer SJ, Bowersock L, Everett WR, Riner J, Carter L, Young D. 2020. Efficacy of a novel orally administered combination product containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica Trio™) against induced infestations of five common tick species infesting dogs in the USA. Parasites & Vectors, 13, 77. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Little SE, Barrett AW, Nagamori Y, Herrin BH, Normile D, Heaney K, Armstrong R. 2018. Ticks from cats in the United States: Patterns of infestation and infection with pathogens. Veterinary Parasitology, 257, 15–20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Little S, Adolph C, Downie K, Snider T, Reichard M. 2015. High prevalence of covert infection with gastrointestinal helminths in cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 51, 359–364. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Lucio-Forster A, Bowman D. 2011. Prevalence of fecal-borne parasites detected by centrifugal flotation in feline samples from two shelters in upstate New York. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 13, 300–303. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Masters EJ, Grigery CN, Masters RW. 2008. STARI or masters disease: Lone star tick-vectored Lyme-like illness. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 22, 361–376. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Merten HA, Durden LA. 2000. A state-by-state survey of ticks recorded from humans in the United States. Journal of Vector Ecology, 25, 1, 102–113. [Google Scholar]
  26. Mock DE, Applegate RD, Fox LB. 2001. Preliminary survey of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing wild turkeys (Aves: Phasianidae) in Eastern Kansas. Journal of Medical Entomology, 38, 118–121. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Monzo JD, Atkinson EG, Henn BM, Benach JL. 2016. Population and evolutionary genomics of Amblyomma americanum, an expanding arthropod disease vector. Genome Biology and Evolution, 8(5), 1351–1360. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Nagamori Y, Payton ME, Duncan-Decocq R, Johnson EM. 2018. Fecal survey of parasites in free-roaming cats in northcentral Oklahoma, United States. Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports, 14, 50–53. [Google Scholar]
  29. Nagamori Y, Reichard MV. 2015. Feline tick-borne diseases. Today’s Veterinary Practice, 3, 69–74. [Google Scholar]
  30. Paddock CD, Yabsley MJ. 2007. Ecological havoc, the rise of white-tailed deer, and the emergence of Amblyomma americanum-associated zoonoses in the United States. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 315, 289–324. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Prullage J, Pfefferkorn A, Knaus M, Frost J, Mitchell E, Tielemans E. 2021. Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes scapularis in cats. Parasite, 28, 23. [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  32. Reichard MV, Edwards AC, Meinkoth JH, Snider TA, Meinkoth KR, Heinz RE, Little SE. 2010. Confirmation of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) as a vector for Cytauxzoon felis (Piroplasmorida: Theileriidae) to domestic cats. Journal of Medical Entomology, 47, 890–896. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Reichard MV, Rugg JJ, Thomas JE, Allen KE, Barrett AW, Murray JK, Herrin BH, Beam RA, King VL, Vatta AF. 2019. Efficacy of a topical formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner against induced infestations of Amblyomma americanum on cats and prevention of Cytauxzoon felis transmission. Veterinary Parasitology, 270, 31–37. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Rizzi TE, Reichard MV, Cohn LA, Birkenheuer AJ, Taylor JD, Meinkoth JH. 2015. Prevalence of Cytauxzoon felis infection in healthy cats from enzootic areas in Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Parasites & Vectors, 8, 13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Saleh MN, Sundstrom KD, Duncan KT, Ientile MM, Jordy J, Ghosh P, Little SE. 2019. Show us your ticks: a survey of ticks infesting dogs and cats across the USA. Parasites & Vectors, 12, 595. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Sherrill MK, Cohn LA. 2015. Cytauxzoonosis, diagnosis and treatment of an emerging disease. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 17, 940–948. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Six RH, Everett WR, Young DR, Carter L, Mahabir SP, Honsberger NA. 2016. Efficacy of a novel oral formulation of sarolaner (Simparica™) against five common tick species infesting dogs in the United States. Veterinary Parasitology, 222, 28–32. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Skotarczak B. 2018. The role of companion animals in the environmental circulation of tick-borne bacterial pathogens. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 25(3), 473–480. [Google Scholar]
  39. Stromdahl EY, Nadolny RM, Hickling GJ, Hamer SA, Ogden NH, Casal C, Heck GA, Gibbons JA, Taylor Cremeans TF, Pilgard MA. 2018. Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks are not vectors of the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirocheatales: Spirochaetaceae): A Review of the evidence. Journal of Medical Entomology, 55(3), 501–514. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Stromdahl EY, Williamson PC, Kollars TM Jr, Evans SR, Barry RK, Vince MA, Dobbs NA. 2003. Evidence of Borrelia lonestari DNA in Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) removed from humans. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 41, 5557–5562. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Thomas JE, Ohmes CM, Payton ME, Hostetler JA, Reichard MV. 2018. Minimum transmission time of Cytauxzoon felis by Amblyomma americanum to domestic cats in relation to duration of infestation, and investigation of ingestion of infected ticks as a potential route of transmission. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 20(2), 67–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Thomas JE, Staubus L, Goolsby JL, Reichard MV. 2016. Ectoparasites of free-roaming domestic cats in the central United States. Veterinary Parasitology, 228, 17–22. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Tielemans E, Buellet P, Young D, Viljoen A, Liebenberg J, Prullage J. 2021. Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against adult cat flea Ctenocephalides felis and flea egg production in cats. Parasite, 28, 22. [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  44. Tielemans E, Prullage J, Tomoko O, Liebenberg J, Capári B, Sotiraki S, Kostopoulou D, Ligda P, Ulrich M, Knaus M. 2021. Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against ear mite (Otodectes cynotis) infestations in cats. Parasite, 28, 26. [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  45. Tielemans E, Pfefferkorn A, Viljoen A. 2021. Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against Rhipicephalus sanguineus in cats. Parasite, 28, 24. [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  46. Tielemans E, Prullage J, Otsuki T, Cheesman T, Selmes F, Pfefferkorn A, Wang H. 2021. Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against fleas in cats, under field conditions. Parasite, 28, 22. [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  47. Traversa D. 2012. Pet roundworms and hookworms: a continuing need for global worming. Parasites & Vectors, 5, 91–110. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Varela AS, Moore VA, Little SE. 2004. Disease agents in Amblyomma americanum from northeastern Georgia. Journal of Medical Entomology, 41, 753–759. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Cite this article as: Prullage J, Baker C, Mansour A, McCall S, Young D & Tielemans E. 2021. Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against Amblyomma americanum in cats. Parasite 28, 25.

All Tables

Table 1

Main differences between the two studies.

In the text
Table 2

Efficacy of NexGard® Combo against Amblyomma americanum.

In the text

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.