Table 1.
Plant by-products for screening for in vitro activity against C. parvum . List of raw materials and extracts obtained from phytogenic by-products in the course of the EU project SAFEWASTES: (A) extracts and pure compounds related to olives, and (B) monensin. Extracts were abbreviated using the first letters of the genus and the specific epitheton, together with the type of extract produced: W = water extract, E = ethanol extract (70% (v/v)), H = heptane extract. Monensin was used as a positive control. Table according to Stockhammer et al. [40], modified.
| Raw material | Scientific name | Product after industrial production process | Origin | Extracts and yields from extraction [g/kg raw material] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (A) | ||||
| Horse chestnut wastewater | Aesculus hippocastanum L. | Dried wastewater from seeds after methanol-ethanol extraction | Italy | AHW [n.a.a] |
| Hawthorn fruits | Crataegus monogyna Jaquin emend. Lindman; Crataegus laevigata (Poiret) De Candolle | Dried fruits after ethanol extraction | Austria | CFW [62.6], CFE [52.3] |
| Pumpkin | Cucurbita pepo L. var. Styriaca | Dried, cut and powdered fruits and peels | Austria | CPW [400.0], CPE [275.0], CPH [8.0] |
| Artichoke | Cynara scolymus L. cv. Camus | Dried aerial parts after chaffing, steaming and pressing | Germany | CSW [102.7], CSE [63.7] |
| Carrot pomace | Daucus carota L. cv. Carotan | Dried roots after blanching and pressing | Germany | DCW [220.6], DCE [272.0] |
| Purple coneflower | Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench | Dried aerial parts after blanching, milling and pressing | Europe | EPW [63.0], EPE [71.6], EPH [3.6] |
| Sunflower seeds | Helianthus annuus L. | Dried seeds after heating and pressing | Argentina | HAW [153.0], HAE [18.5] |
| Larch sawdust | Larix decidua Mill., syn. Larix europaea DC | Dried and powdered sawdust | Austria | LDW [34.0], LDE [20.0], LDH [7.0] |
| Linseed pomace | Linum usitatissimum L. | Dried seeds after heating and pressing | Argentina | LUW [190.3], LUE [76.7] |
| Tomato peels | Solanum lycopersicum L. | Dried paste after methanol extraction | Italy | LEW [408.0], LEE [340.0] |
| Mango peels | Mangifera indica L. cv. Kaew | Dried and crushed peels | Thailand | MIW [364.1], MIE [413.5] |
| Olive pomace | Olea europaea L. | Dried fruit pomace after oil pressing and phenol recovery by methanol-ethanol extraction | Italy | OEW [24.0], OEE [20.0] |
| Willow bark | Salix alba L. | Dried bark after ethanol extraction | Germany | SAW [21.6], SAE [24.5], SAH [3.1] |
| Sinupret | Primula veris L., Primula elatior L. Hill, Sambucus nigra L., Verbena officinalis L., Gentiana lutea L., Rumex acetosa L. | Dried residues after ethanol extraction of primrose, elder and verbena blossoms, gentian leaves and garden sorrel roots | Germany | SIW [14.0] SIE [17.2], SIH [11.0] |
| Saw palmetto fruits | Serenoa repens (Bartram) Small, syn. Sabal serrulata (Michaux) Nutall ex Schultes | Dried fruits after extraction with ethanol and methanol (SRH) or after supercritical CO2 extraction | USA | SRH [4], SRCW [28.9], SRCE [45.9], SRCH [5.4] |
| Thyme leaves | Thymus vulgaris L. | Dried leaves after ethanol extraction | Germany | TVW [60.2], TVE [70.5], TVH [7.0] |
| Blueberry peels | Vaccinium myrtillus L. | Dried peels after extraction with aqueous alcohols (methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol) and toluene | Italy | VMW [39.5], VME [32.4] |
| Grape seed extract |
Vitis vinifera L. |
Dry extract obtained by acetone/water and ethyl acetate extraction |
Germany |
VVW [n.a.a] |
| (B) |
|
|
|
|
| Sample |
Purity (%) |
Supplier |
Order no. |
|
| Hydroxytyrosol from olive leaves | 10 | Eurochem Feinchemie GmbH, Gröbenzell, Germany | L06C001 | |
| Tyrosol | 98 | Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA | 188255 | |
| trans-Coniferyl alcohol | ≥97 | Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA | 27740 | |
| Oleuropein extract NATURA from olive leaves | 8.2 | Sinoplasan AG, Esslingen, Germany | n.a.a | |
| Monensin sodium | 90–95 | Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA | M5273 |
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