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All issues Volume 21 (2014) Parasite, 21 (2014) 34 Full HTML
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Parasite
Volume 21, 2014
Innovation for the Management of Echinococcosis. Invited editors: Dominique A. Vuitton, Laurence Millon, Bruno Gottstein and Patrick Giraudoux
Article Number 34
Number of page(s) 6
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2014037
Published online 25 July 2014

© J. Knapp et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2014

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction

In rodents and humans, alveolar echinococcosis (AE) appears as a tumor-like lesion and is caused by accidental ingestion of eggs of the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis, a fox tapeworm. The adult worm produces eggs which are released into the environment with fox feces. The parasite is widely present in the Northern Hemisphere in countries such as China, where the estimated prevalence ranges from 0.2% to 9% in 12 regions [22]. The parasite is also present in temperate Europe, where a total of 559 human cases have been identified in nine countries [9, 14]. A recent increase in reported cases of human AE and of E. multilocularis in wild animals has been observed not only in historically endemic regions in Europe [6, 20], but also in new endemic regions [5, 23]. In France, from 1982 to 2009, 8 to 29 new cases per year, mostly in the Northeast, were identified by the FrancEchino network [12]. The exposure to eggs is likely due to repeated contact with wild or domestic carnivores such as foxes, dogs, and cats [21], consumption of wild berries or raw vegetables growing close to the ground, and agricultural activities [3]. The main AE symptoms are abdominal pain, asthenia, and hepatomegaly. Generally, the first symptoms appear 5–15 years after contamination [1, 3]. Diagnosis is often made based on images obtained by ultrasound, computerized tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging [4]. Immunodiagnosis tests, e.g., the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using rEm18 (rEm18-ELISA) [18] or rEm18 plus the native Em2 antigen purified from E. multilocularis larvae (Em2-Em18-ELISA) (Bordier Affinity, Crissier, Switzerland), are currently being used in laboratories. Indirect hemagglutination (IHA) (Hydatidose Fumouze kit, Fumouze Diagnostics, Levallois-Perret, France) is one of the low-cost screening techniques [11], and the Western blot technique (WB) (LDBIO Diagnostics, Lyon, France), using a whole E. multilocularis larval antigen, is the confirmation technique for species diagnosis [4, 16].

In 2003, Xiao et al. demonstrated the specificity of rEm18 for AE diagnosis using serum samples from patients with other parasitic infections and hepatic diseases [24]. In addition, they demonstrated that measurement of rEm18-specific antibodies can give information on parasite status after implementation of treatment [13], because antibody response against this recombinant antigen reflects the activity of the parasite. Recently, an immunochromatography test (ICT) using the rEm18 antigen was developed [17] and a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 95.4% were found for AE sera. This kit is commercially available now (ADAMU-AE kit, ICST Co. Ltd., Saitama, Japan).

The main aims of our study were to assess the reliability of the ICT results in the detection of AE cases using a panel of French sera, by comparing the ICT with ELISA tests, which are validated and routinely used in laboratories, and to assess rEm18-ICT reproducibility on different batches of kits.

Materials and methods

Serum samples

A total of 112 serum samples were collected from patients. Sera were received from 1987 to 2010 at the Parasitology Department (University Hospital, Besançon, France) for diagnosis of Echinococcus and other pathologies. The Echinococcus panel (46 samples) was composed of 30 AE (29 with liver lesions as a primary focus, and one with a lung lesion), 15 CE, and 1 polycystic echinococcosis (PE) (due to E. vogeli infection) [15]. Only AE cases based on the consensual criteria established by Brunetti et al. were included. Diagnosis had been carried out by clinical findings, imaging techniques, serology with Western Blot (LDBIO, Diagnostics, Lyon, France), specific PCR and/or histology [4]. The sera of AE patients were sampled before any parasitostatic treatment. The control serum collection (66 samples) was composed of 13 toxocariasis, 13 hepatocellular carcinoma, 8 fascioliasis, 7 autoimmune systemic diseases with high levels of circulating rheumatoid factors, 7 Caroli’s disease, 5 autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, and 13 other pathologies involving the liver, i.e., liver cysts (n = 3), biliary cirrhosis (n = 3), angioma (n = 2), metastasis of breast carcinoma (n = 1), cystadenocarcinoma (n = 1), bacterial abscess (n = 1), bile duct carcinoma (n = 1), and neurocysticercosis (n = 1). For the fascioliasis and toxocariasis cases, the serology (specific serum antibodies assessed by highly sensitive serological tests, and confirmed by WB, a separate high specificity serological test) was classified as positive by clinical and epidemiological history (LDBIO Diagnosis, Lyon, France).

rEm18 Immunochromatography Test

The rEm18-ICT was based on the detection of antibodies against the recombinant Em18 antigen (rEm18) [18]. The antigen and anti-goat immunoglobulin G (IgG) as test and control lines, respectively, were sprayed onto a nitrocellulose membrane, and placed in a plastic device [17]. For the assay, first, 10 μL of the serum sample were mixed in a tube with 20 μL of a serum dilution buffer containing 0.1 mg/mL alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-human IgG antibody (DAKO, Tokyo, Japan). This mixed serum sample was then applied onto the sample window of the plastic device, and within 30 s, 200 μL of the substrate solution was loaded and the result was determined after 30 min. For color development, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate was used. A sample was considered positive if two color lines were present after 30 min, indicating the presence of the specific anti-recEm18 antibodies (test line: rEm18), and if the control line (anti-goat IgG) was visible (indicating that the test was performed correctly). Because the ICT is a manual test, the cut-off has to be determined by visual observation. In order to obtain objective ICT results for this study, two different persons independently inspected the bands that appeared on the ICT device. After that, for the positive tests, an index intensity was calculated to enable comparison of the test results. For all samples, a picture was taken using a ChemiDoc apparatus (Bio-Rad laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA) and the intensities of the control and test bands and of the background membrane were recorded, after exposure to Epi-white light (Quantity One 4.6.5 software). The relative intensity index was calculated so that batches used for the same sera could be compared. The index intensity calculation in our study differs from that of Sako et al. [19] because there is no immunochromato-reader in the Chrono-Environnement Laboratory at the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Besançon, France.

The background membrane intensity was subtracted from the test and control band intensities, yielding the following formula:

Em2-Em18-ELISA and rEm18-ELISA

The Em2-Em18-ELISA detects IgG antibodies in human serum against Em2 and Em18 antigens (Bordier Affinity, Crissier, Switzerland). IgG antibodies were detected with a protein A-alkaline phosphatase conjugate. Microtitration was assessed by ELISA on an Evolis microplate automaton (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). The cut-off value calculation was established as recommended by the manufacturer, and the “home index” was considered as a positive value when 60% of the recommended index value was attained. Thus, a high sensitivity level was achieved, while maintaining good specificity.

The rEm18-ELISA was performed as previously described [18]. Optical density (OD) was measured and the cut-off value was 0.12. This cut-off value was calculated from the OD values from 40 negative controls (healthy people with no clinical features of AE). The average was calculated and 4 standard deviations were added to provide the cut-off value. Serum samples were sent to Japan and analyzed in a blind test at the Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan.

Statistical analysis

Overall reproducibility was tested with the Friedman test, and pairwise comparisons were tested with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Indicators of diagnostic test performance were: sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), the Youden index (YI = Se + Sp − 1), to assess the efficiency of the test (negative value for an inefficient test, positive value for a reliable test), and accuracy (proportion of patients correctly classified). Positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR−), which respectively describe the discriminatory abilities of positive and negative test results, were calculated, with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). A LR+ value above 10 and a LR− value below 0.1 were used to confirm the relevance of the diagnostic tool [8]. The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR = LR+/LR−) was also determined. The DOR can be used on its own to indicate a test’s discriminatory performance [10]. All analyses were two-tailed, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. The software package Stata 10.0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA) was used for the analysis.

Results

rEm18-ICT: sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility

Twenty-seven out of 30 AE sera were positive with rEm18-ICT as observed visually by independent double reading, demonstrating a sensitivity of 90.0% (Table 1 and Fig. 1). Four of the 15 CE cases tested were positive for the ICT; the PE case was also positive. One of the 66 control sera was positive (1 toxocariasis, in Fig. 1: TOX1).

thumbnail Figure 1.

Immunological response to E. multilocularis antigens. Comparison of rEm18-ICT with ELISA rEm18 (OD values) and Em2-Em18 (index values) for AE (alveolar echinococcosis), CE (cystic echinococcosis), PE (polycystic echinococcosis), and toxocariasis (TOX1) cases. The thin dotted line represents the Em2-Em18 index threshold and the thick dotted line represents the rEm18 OD threshold; *Em2-Em18 threshold index, **rEm18 threshold OD value.
Table 1.

Results for ELISA tests rEm18 and Em2-Em18, and rEm18-ICT for AE (alveolar echinococcosis), CE and PE (cystic and polycystic echinococcosis), and other pathologies. Percentages of sensitivity, specificity, and the performance index for each test are shown.

Thirty-three sera out of the 112 tested were ranked positive by rEm18-ICT with 27 specific diagnoses, with a specificity of 92.7 (Table 1).

The reproducibility of band intensities was assessed on 10 different sera tested with three different batches of kits (Figs. 2A–2B). A significant difference was observed between batch 3 and the two others (p = 0.025). A significant difference was observed between batches No. 3 and No. 1 (p = 0.0093) and between No. 3 and No. 2 (p = 0.0125).

thumbnail Figure 2.

Test of reproducibility of rEm18-ICT using sera from 10 French AE (alveolar echinococcosis) patients, with three batches of kits (numbers 1, 2, and 3). (A) Strong, middle, and weak signals are shown for patients AE1, AE15, and AE24. The arrow shows the test band that indicates a positive test. (B) Index intensity values of three batches of kits; p < 0.05.

ICT versus ELISAs

Thirty-three cases, including 26 AE, 3 CE, 1 PE, and 3 other diseases (liver cyst, toxocariasis [TOX1], and hepatocellular carcinoma), similar to the rEm18-ICT results (Table 1 and Fig. 1), were ranked seropositive by rEm18-ELISA, and 39 cases, including 29 AE, 4 CE, 1 PE, and 5 other diagnoses (liver metastasis, breast carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, two cases of fascioliasis, and autoimmune chronic active hepatitis) were ranked seropositive by Em2-Em18-ELISA. There were no differences in diagnostic performance among the tests evaluated.

No significant differences were found in sensitivity and specificity among the methods used. (Fig. 1 and Table 1).

Five results were discordant between rEm18-ICT and the ELISAs for the diagnosis of AE. For one case, the ICT was weakly positive, whereas the two ELISAs were negative (AE23 in Fig. 1). For two cases, rEm18-ICT and rEm18-ELISA gave a negative result, and Em2-Em18-ELISA was positive (AE26 and AE27). For one case, rEm18-ELISA was negative, and rEm18-ICT and Em2-Em18-ELISA were positive (AE22). For the fifth case, the ICT was negative and the ELISAs were positive (AE28). The toxocariasis serum TOX1, positive with rEm18-ICT, was also positive with rEm18-ELISA, but not with Em2-Em18-ELISA.

For the ICT, the values of the LRs (LR+ = 12.3 and LR− = 0.11) confirmed the relevance of this diagnostic tool. In addition, the DOR, Youden index, and accuracy emphasized the relevance of the ICT for AE diagnosis and the reliability of its results compared with the other tests (Table 1), because no significant difference was observed.

Discussion

Previous evaluations have revealed that the rEm18-ICT is a reliable and rapid test, applicable for AE diagnosis at first screening. It is worth noting that in the field, it is particularly handy because the kit comes in a plastic case. Our study focused on the usefulness of the ICT for routine serological diagnosis. The ICT provided good scores for specificity, sensitivity, the Youden index, accuracy and the LRs. In addition, DOR analysis confirmed that the ICT performs similarly to validated tests, i.e., ELISA. However, our results suggest that a combination of different serological tests seems to be necessary for an accurate diagnosis, especially for low immunological responses (Fig. 2A). The sera were tested in order to assess the usefulness of the ICT in comparison with ELISAs for differential diagnoses in the laboratory. Because sera from patients with different pathologies, and not from healthy individuals, were used in this study, the diagnostic parameters provided by our analysis, including sensitivity and specificity, could not be generalized. Our focus was on the practicability of the test. The Em2-Em18-ELISA test provided the highest sensitivity, even if the specificity was not optimal. Routinely, the immunoblotting test is used to compensate for this deficiency. Detection of antibodies against the Em18 antigen has been demonstrated as a good marker for the study of Echinococcus activity in humans [13]. The rEm18-ICT and rEm18-ELISA have been proved useful in the laboratory to check therapy efficiency [19]. Based on serological follow-up and imaging (especially PET scan) [7], treatment can be adjusted on a case-by-case basis. Recent reports have indicated that, in some AE patients under long-term benzimidazole therapy, a parasitocidal effect may be observed [7]. If the activity of the parasite is indirectly checked by the immune response of the patient, it might be an indication that treatment should be ended.

The performance of the ELISA test combining Em2 and Em18 antigens was compared with rEm18-ELISA in a long patient surveillance study [2]. Both tests showed correlated results throughout the patient survey, with variations in immune activity paralleling curative or recurrence events after surgery.

For a manual test, because judgements are made based on visual observation, reproducibility is an absolute necessity, especially in the case of a weak immune response. Our findings on reproducibility indicated that slight differences in intensity can appear among ICT batches for the same serum sample presenting a weak immune response. When the rEm18-ICT is used in AE patient first screening tests or follow-up, two different operators must perform the reading and a reference sample should be included when the ICT is done. In our study the variability among the ELISA kit batches we used was also taken into account by including a reference sample in each ELISA series, and then calculating the index value based on this sample, as recommended by the manufacturer.

In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the rEm18-ICT is a simple, reliable, and easy-to-use tool in AE diagnosis, requiring a minimum of equipment and time, especially for the first screening.

Acknowledgments

We are very grateful to M.-P. Faivre, F. Grenouillet, and S. Itoh for technical support and to S. Rocchi for the double reading of the ICT tests. This study was supported by the CNRS/JSPS Bilateral Research Project and the International Research Fund from the JSPS to Pr. A. Ito (21256003). We are grateful to Lois Rose for editorial assistance. We dedicate this joint paper to Mrs. Hikari Ito.

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Cite this article as: Knapp J, Sako Y, Grenouillet F, Bresson-Hadni S, Richou C, Gbaguidi-Haore H, Ito A & Millon L: Comparison of the serological tests ICT and ELISA for the diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis in France. Parasite, 2014, 21 34.

All Tables

Table 1.

Results for ELISA tests rEm18 and Em2-Em18, and rEm18-ICT for AE (alveolar echinococcosis), CE and PE (cystic and polycystic echinococcosis), and other pathologies. Percentages of sensitivity, specificity, and the performance index for each test are shown.

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Figure 1.

Immunological response to E. multilocularis antigens. Comparison of rEm18-ICT with ELISA rEm18 (OD values) and Em2-Em18 (index values) for AE (alveolar echinococcosis), CE (cystic echinococcosis), PE (polycystic echinococcosis), and toxocariasis (TOX1) cases. The thin dotted line represents the Em2-Em18 index threshold and the thick dotted line represents the rEm18 OD threshold; *Em2-Em18 threshold index, **rEm18 threshold OD value.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 2.

Test of reproducibility of rEm18-ICT using sera from 10 French AE (alveolar echinococcosis) patients, with three batches of kits (numbers 1, 2, and 3). (A) Strong, middle, and weak signals are shown for patients AE1, AE15, and AE24. The arrow shows the test band that indicates a positive test. (B) Index intensity values of three batches of kits; p < 0.05.
In the text

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