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All issues Volume 20 (2013) Parasite, 20 (2013) 4 Full HTML
Open Access
Issue
Parasite
Volume 20, 2013
Article Number 4
Number of page(s) 9
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2012004
Published online 31 January 2013

© O. Bain et al., Published by EDP Sciences 2013

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction

Representatives of the large family Rhabdochonidae Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928 generally parasitize fishes, except for those of one genus, Trichospirura Smith & Chitwood, 1967 (= Freitasia Baruš & Coy Otero, 1968; [12]), which are found in tetrapod vertebrates. Reports of Trichospirura species are rare. Their infection sites are the small intestine, as in most of the rhabdochonids, or are unusual, such as the pancreatic or salivary ducts, or the abdominal cavity, in which the worms are encapsulated. Only four nominal and one unnamed species are recognized in the genus (Tables 1 and 2). This contrasts with the wide host range and geographic distribution of Trichospirura. Three species occur in South and Central America and are parasites of platyrrhinian monkeys [16], of saurians [2] and of anurans [13]; the others are from Malaysia, where they parasitize tupaiid insectivores and chiropterans [5]. The remarkable host range and geographic distribution of Trichospirura are further extended by the discovery of a new species from an African murid. This poses the question of its origin.

Table 1.

Morphological characteristics of the males of Trichospirura aethiopica n. sp. from Malacomys longipes in Gabon and Trichospirura spp.

Table 2.

Morphological characteristics of the females of Trichospirura aethiopica n. sp. from Malacomys longipes in Gabon and Trichospirura spp.

Materials and methods

In 1996 Dr. G. Dubreuil, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, captured rodents in Gabon for virology research. Several animals were fixed in formalin and sent to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Paris, France, to augment both the collection of mammals and that of zooparasitic nematodes. In a Big-eared swamp rat, Malacomys longipes Milne-Edwards, 1877, rhabdochonid nematodes were recovered during the dissection of tissues near the stomach; several worms were found in the lumen of unidentified tubular structures; these did not seem to be granulomatous reactions of the host, because they possessed a regular wall with an external muscular layer (Figure 1A); they might have been pancreatic ducts.

thumbnail Figure 1.

Trichospirura spp. females. A, T. aethiopica n. sp. Anterior region of a worm half dissected from a tube with an external muscular layer, note the anterior bend. B, part of buccal capsule and beginning of muscular oesophagus. C, detail of nerve ring, excretory pore and deirids, ventral view. D, at level of deirids, ventral view. E, T. leptostoma, posterior extremity, ovijector with a dilated chamber and uteri. F–I, T. aethiopica n. sp. F, detail of the cuticular sheath and lateral chord. G, H, posterior part, ovijector and uteri, right lateral and ventral view, respectively. I, tail, left lateral view (cuticular sheath and striae drawn at level of anus). J, caudal extremity, ventral view. Scales in μm: A, E, 500; B, C, F, I, J, 50; D, 30; G, H, 200.

For comparison with the new material, a female specimen of T. leptostoma, USNPC 61802, from Callithrix (Callithrix) jacchus (Linnaeus, 1758) and one male specimen of T. amphibiophila from Eleutherodactylus martinicensis (Tschudi, 1838), Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Helminthological Collection, No. N-602, were studied.

All specimens were cleared in lactophenol and examined under a Wild compound light microscope equipped with a drawing tube. Measurements were taken from drawings and are given in micrometres unless otherwise specified. The ovijector length was measured from the vulva to the division of the uteri and includes the vagina, as this structure was not identified in previously described species and there is no clear distinction between vagina and ovijector. In the description, the term buccal capsule, instead of pharynx or vestibule, is used for the tube between the mouth and the oesophagus in order to be consistent with other groups of nematodes.

The nomenclature and classification of small mammals follows Wilson & Reeder [20], that of anurans Frost [8] and that of reptiles Uetz [19]. The classification of biogeographic Realms follows Udvardy [18].

Trichospirura aethiopica n. sp.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:51435EEF-0EF7-49FE-8158-8B71D9EC43E2

  •   Type-host: Malacomys longipes Milne-Edwards, 1877.

  •   Type-locality: Makokou, 0° 34′ 00″ N, 12° 52′ 00″ E, Gabon.

  •   Collection date: 1996.

  •   Site of infection: tissular tubes near the stomach (pancreatic ducts?).

  •   Type-material: male holotype and two male paratypes, female allotype and a female paratype, Muséum National d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, MNHN 184SE.

  •   Prevalence and intensity: five worms in a single host.

  •   Etymology: the new species is named after its geographic origin, the Ethiopian Realm.

Description (Figures 1–3; Tables 1 and 2)

External layer of body cuticle forming a thin sheath with regular transverse salient crests (Figures 1F, I and 3A). Very thin anterior part, with acute bend at level of distal part of buccal capsule. Body attenuated posteriorly from vulva to tip of tail. Lateral chords narrow; excretory canals not noticed. Excretory pore slightly anterior to proximal end of muscular oesophagus. Nerve ring surrounding buccal capsule in posterior quarter and anterior to excretory pore. Deirids spindle-shaped, generally anterior to nerve ring. Head (Figure 2A, B, E): four groups of latero-median papillae; each group composed of a small but obvious external labial papilla, situated on the internal aspect of the mouth and an external salient cephalic papilla. Depressed amphidial aperture posterior to head papillae (Figure 2A, B, E). Mouth as wide as apex of body, almost square, with rounded angles (Figure 2E). Extremely long and thin buccal capsule, well-sclerotized, hardly dilated at anterior end or not at all, depending on orientation (Figure 2A, B); no «muscular ring» (see Moravec & Puylaert [14]) identified in posterior part of buccal capsule.

thumbnail Figure 2.

Anterior extremities of Trichospirura spp. A, B, T. aethiopica n. sp., female, submedian and lateral view, respectively. C, D, T. leptostoma, lateral and submedian view, respectively. E, F, en face view of T. aethiopica n. sp. (E) and T. leptostoma (F). G, T. amphibiophila, lateral view. H, I, T. aethiopica n. sp. H, larvated egg. I, cephalic extremity of first stage larva, dorsal view. Scales in μm: A, B, C, D, F, G, I, 20; H, 30. E, free hand sketch.

Female (Figure 1): didelphic, prodelphic. Vulva preanal and depressed. Ovijector: straight vagina with short vagina vera, followed by a part with thick granulous epithelium and thin external layer of muscles. Two uteri, each beginning with a short narrow part with thick muscular walls, subsequently widening into thin-walled tubes containing embryonated eggs (Figure 1G, H). Tail long, thin, with conical tip, blunt in ventral view; anus slightly depressed. Eggs thick-shelled, containing larva with left, subterminal, well-sclerotized hook (Figure 2H, I).

Male (Figure 3): tail attenuated in distal part, extremity pointed or blunt. Four ventro-lateral pairs of caudal papillae, all postcloacal, rather regularly distributed, some occasionally larger (Figure 3A–C). Spicules thick. Left spicule with short handle and three-times longer lamina with narrow latero-ventral membrane; distal end lined with narrow membrane. Right spicule shorter, with blunt tip (Figure 3B, D–F). No gubernaculum.

thumbnail Figure 3.

Trichospirura spp. males. A–F, T. aethiopica n. sp. A, B, posterior part, ventral and right lateral view, respectively. C, posterior part of another male. D, left spicule and distal part of right spicule, ventral view. E, F, distal extremity of the left and the right spicule, respectively. G–J, T. leptostoma; G, posterior part, left lateral view. H, spicules, ventral view. I, distal extremity of the right spicule. J, cuticular sheath at mid-body, ventral view. Scales in μm: A–D, G, H, 50; E, F, I, 20.

Taxonomic discussion

The specimens recovered from M. longipes in Gabon display the typical characters of the rhabdochonid Trichospirura, namely the extremely long and narrow buccal capsule, posterior vulva, unequal spicules and absence of caudal alae [16]. In the two known species examined, three morphological features that went unnoticed in the original descriptions are similar to the material studied herein: the anterior body is often more or less abruptly bent and the vulva is depressed; in addition, a cuticular sheath forming transverse crests was observed in T. leptostoma (Figure 3J) and T. amphibiophila; it can also be identified on figures of T. willmottae, but was described as “annelures transversales” [5]; it might be a shared character, although it has not been reported in T. teixeirai. Despite these similarities, the material described herein can be distinguished from the currently known species of Trichospirura by the following characters (Tables 1 and 2).

Trichospirura teixeirai: parasitizes Polychrotidae (Sauria) in Central America; infection site intestine; longer buccal capsule, deirids absent [7], nerve ring at level of muscular oesophagus [2], excretory pore well anterior to nerve ring [7, 14], muscular ring present in posterior region of buccal capsule [14]; male tail with ventral longitudinal crests and strongly attenuated extremity, one pair of precloacal papillae and only three pairs of postcloacal papillae [2], instead of four in the present material (Coy Otero & Baruš [7] report four pairs of postcloacal papillae); two to three times longer left spicule, alae of lamina of left spicule wider [2, 6], a gubernaculum-like formation is present [7, 14].

Trichospirura amphibiophila: parasitizes Eleutherodactylidae (Anura) in Central America; infection site an abdominal cyst near the liver; excretory pore situated farther anteriorly; buccal capsule longer; two to three times longer left spicule; two pairs of precloacal and five pairs of postcloacal papillae [13].

The following two species from mammals have spicules similar in length and shape to the specimens studied herein and their caudal papillae are all postcloacal as well, but they are distinct in the following characters:

Trichospirura leptostoma: parasitizes Cebidae (Primates) in Brazil; infection site pancreatic ducts; vulva less posterior, ovijector (described herein) three times longer, thin-walled and dilated to form a pouch (Figure 1E); five or six pairs of postcloacal papillae in the male [16].

Trichospirura willmottae: parasitizes Tupaiidae (Scandentia) in Malaysia; infection site salivary ducts; body length of both sexes twice shorter; males with five pairs of postcloacal papillae, one being near the tail tip. Chabaud & Krishnasamy [5] described large transparent cells in the wall of the distal part of the ovijector.

Trichospirura sp. of Chabaud & Krishnasamy, 1975: parasitizes Vespertilionidae (Chiroptera) in Malaysia; infection site intestine; immature females, which are the only sex known, are much smaller with regard to all measurements presented in Table 2.

The material described from M. longipes represents a new species, for which the name Trichospirura aethiopica is suggested.

Discussion

With only five nominal and one unnamed species, the rhabdochonid genus Trichospirura extends into three Realms, Neotropical, Indo-Malayan and Ethiopian, and its members parasitize three classes of vertebrates, Amphibia, Reptilia and Mammalia. The intestinal T. teixeirai was reported from several lizards, polychrotids, tropidurids and a gekkonid [6, 13]. Trichospirura amphibiophila was found in a single species of Eleutherodactylus only, although this eleutherodactylid host genus is highly diversified in Central America and the Antilles [13]; it might be an accidental infection from an unknown host, as the worms, one male and two females, were encapsulated in the abdominal cavity. Trichospirura leptostoma from the pancreatic ducts of the cebid C. (C.) jacchus, was discovered in the Texan laboratory to which these animals had been transported after they had been captured in two widely separated areas in Brazil, the southeastern Tupi Forest area and a vast area north of the Amazon; several animals were examined after approximately one to 16 months in captivity, likely hyperinfected through cockroaches, which were later shown to be the intermediate hosts in animal houses [1, 10]; a single specimen was also found in another cebid, Saguinus oedipus (Linnaeus, 1758), in Colombia [16]. The remaining three species were reported only once. Trichospirura willmottae was found in the salivary duct of a single Tupaia glis (Diard, 1820), Trichospirura sp. in the intestine of a single Myotis mystacinus (Kuhl, 1817) and T. aethiopica n. sp. in tubes near the stomach (pancreatic ducts?) of a single M. longipes. The probability of finding these worms is lowered by the fact that their infection sites are often outside the gut lumen.

When Baruš & Coy Otero [2] created Freitasia, they were unaware of the work of Smith & Chitwood [16]. Moravec [12] considered Freitasia a junior synonym of Trichospirura, while at the same time Chabaud [3] differentiated Freitasia from Trichospirura based on the shape of the buccal capsule, the former having a «pharynx dilated anteriorly to form a well-defined buccal capsule», the latter having a «pharynx not or only slightly dilated anteriorly». However, this character does not differ clearly between the two genera [2, 16]. It was nevertheless noted during this study that the parasites of mammals can be opposed to the two species from saurians and anurans from Central America (Antilles). Compared to T. teixeirai and T. amphibiophila, the species from mammals have a two to three times shorter left spicule, and precloacal papillae are absent whatever the Realm, Neotropical, Indo-Malayan or Ethiopian, and whatever the host order, Scandentia, Rodentia or Primates (Chiroptera are excluded because the male parasite is not known).

It is generally accepted that the genus Trichospirura was derived through host-switching from Rhabdochona Railliet, 1916, parasites of freshwater fishes [4, 5, 7, 13], and that the necessary adaptations were accompanied by an extraordinary lengthening of the buccal capsule. Excepting Australia, Rhabdochona has a worldwide distribution. Therefore host-switching might have occurred in each Realm. However, the characters highlighted in this study might suggest a lineage for the parasites of mammals from a remote host-switching event that occurred in Tupaiidae in southern Asia. Murids, which originated in this region, would have been infected before they reached Africa in successive waves during the Miocene, when the two continental masses were joined, approximately 15–11 Mya [9, 17, 21]. Trichospirura leptostoma, with a derived character (ovijector dilated into a chamber), might have originated from the same area, followed by a migration to Africa and finally to the Neotropical region, together with their primate hosts, the platyrrhine monkeys. Indeed, after decades of controversy, it is now well supported that the South American monkeys arrived from Africa by transoceanic migrations in a period (approximately 37–16.8 Mya; [15]) that overlaps with the Miocene era. In the Antilles, the two species from cold blooded vertebrates, a saurian and an anuran host, differ from each other in several important characters: nerve ring at the level of the muscular oesophagus or buccal capsule, excretory pore anterior [14] or posterior to nerve ring, deirids absent or present, gubernaculum present or absent, respectively. A single or two events of host-switching are equally possible.

Host-switching from fishes to other classes of vertebrates was likely facilitated by the intermediate hosts. They are aquatic arthropods, mainly mayflies, for the species of Rhabdochona (first life cycle elucidated by Moravec [11]) and cockroaches for T. leptostoma under experimental conditions [10]. No further life cycles have been studied to date [1]. Hosts that are parasitized by Trichospirura species are insectivorous. This also applies to M. longipes, the host of the new species, which, in addition, lives in an aquatic environment.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. G. Dubreuil, Centre International de Recherche Médicale de Franceville, Gabon, for making the rodents available. Dr E.P. Hoberg, USNPC, Beltsville, and Dr F. Moravec, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, are thanked for the loan of specimens. Notes by Kerstin Junker: Sadly, Dr Odile Bain passed away on October 16, 2012, shortly after having finalized the manuscript for this paper. I would like to acknowledge her for her unsurpassed expertise in her chosen field of study and for having been such an encouraging and inspiring colleague, friend and mentor, who could not have been more generous and less self-serving in sharing her vast knowledge and skills.

References

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Cite this article as: Bain O & Junker K: Trichospirura aethiopica n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from Malacomys longipes (Rodentia: Muridae) in Gabon, first record of the genus in the Ethiopian Realm. Parasite, 2013, 20, 4.

All Tables

Table 1.

Morphological characteristics of the males of Trichospirura aethiopica n. sp. from Malacomys longipes in Gabon and Trichospirura spp.

In the text
Table 2.

Morphological characteristics of the females of Trichospirura aethiopica n. sp. from Malacomys longipes in Gabon and Trichospirura spp.

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Figure 1.

Trichospirura spp. females. A, T. aethiopica n. sp. Anterior region of a worm half dissected from a tube with an external muscular layer, note the anterior bend. B, part of buccal capsule and beginning of muscular oesophagus. C, detail of nerve ring, excretory pore and deirids, ventral view. D, at level of deirids, ventral view. E, T. leptostoma, posterior extremity, ovijector with a dilated chamber and uteri. F–I, T. aethiopica n. sp. F, detail of the cuticular sheath and lateral chord. G, H, posterior part, ovijector and uteri, right lateral and ventral view, respectively. I, tail, left lateral view (cuticular sheath and striae drawn at level of anus). J, caudal extremity, ventral view. Scales in μm: A, E, 500; B, C, F, I, J, 50; D, 30; G, H, 200.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 2.

Anterior extremities of Trichospirura spp. A, B, T. aethiopica n. sp., female, submedian and lateral view, respectively. C, D, T. leptostoma, lateral and submedian view, respectively. E, F, en face view of T. aethiopica n. sp. (E) and T. leptostoma (F). G, T. amphibiophila, lateral view. H, I, T. aethiopica n. sp. H, larvated egg. I, cephalic extremity of first stage larva, dorsal view. Scales in μm: A, B, C, D, F, G, I, 20; H, 30. E, free hand sketch.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 3.

Trichospirura spp. males. A–F, T. aethiopica n. sp. A, B, posterior part, ventral and right lateral view, respectively. C, posterior part of another male. D, left spicule and distal part of right spicule, ventral view. E, F, distal extremity of the left and the right spicule, respectively. G–J, T. leptostoma; G, posterior part, left lateral view. H, spicules, ventral view. I, distal extremity of the right spicule. J, cuticular sheath at mid-body, ventral view. Scales in μm: A–D, G, H, 50; E, F, I, 20.
In the text

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