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All issues Volume 19 / No 4 (November 2012) Parasite, 19 4 (2012) 441-444 Full HTML
Open Access
Issue
Parasite
Volume 19, Number 4, November 2012
Page(s) 441 - 444
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2012194441
Published online 15 November 2012

© PRINCEPS Editions, Paris, 2012, transferred to Société Française de Parasitologie

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a pleomorphic taeniid parasitic infection, acquired via carriers of the adult intestinal tapeworm, Taenia solium. The infection predominates in less developed countries where NCC is the most frequent cause of parasitic infections of the human central nervous system. Clinical symptoms vary according to localization, viability, number and size of the cyst(s) and the extent of the inflammatory reaction. Seizures, increased intracranial pressure and focal neurological deficits are the most common clinical manifestations.

Case Presentation

A 69-year-old Caucasian man, from the Burgundy region of France, presented with symptoms of asthenia and headache of a two-year duration. There was neither fever nor seizure and no history of travel. The full blood cell count was unremarkable. Computerized tomography (CT) scans indicated a diffuse right frontal lobe lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium injection demonstrated a right frontal tumor on the cerebrifalx, the lateral right ventricular floor and the corpus callosum, with an extending process to the right but not to the left lobe. The lesion measured c. 40 × 30 mm, surrounded by a ring of gadolinium enhancement and a peripheral edema. The MRI revealed some internal necrotic or cystic septations including fluid. No other cystic lesion and no sign of recent hemorrhage were found in the brain.

The first hypothesis was a primitive glial tumor and the lesion was resected. Macroscopically, the cystic lesion appeared like a bunch of grapes, the tissue fragments having a yellow appearance, surrounded with a discontinuous band of cerebral tissue. However immuno-histochemical analyses with tumor related markers (GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein), S100 protein, EMA, vimentine and synaptophysine) were negative. Finally histological observations excluded a cerebral tumor but highlighted a cystic cavity lined with a fibrotic and inflammatory wall scattered with calcifications and macrophages (Fig. 1). Interestingly, several hook-bearing scolices were visible in the cyst (Fig. 1B, C, D) containing hooks ranging from 100 to 120 μm (Fig. 1E, F). These patterns were consistent with the morphology of Cysticercus cellulosae, the most common cysticercus observed in humans. But other cysticercus such as Taenia saginata, Taenia crassiceps, Echinococcus multilocularis, Cenurosis were discussed.

thumbnail Fig. 1.

Histological observation of a PAS stained section of the cyst. (A) magnification × 100; (B, C) magnification × 200; (D, E, F) magnification × 600.

A: large view of the cerebriform cystic lesion; B, C: higher magnification of two of the various lobes of the cyst including multiples scolices (black arrows); D, E: higher magnification from panel C highlighting tapeworm larvae with hooks (black stars); F: the size of the hooks (double black stars) harboured by the protoscolices was homogeneous, ranging from 100 to 120 μm, that were consistent with Taenia solium cysticerci, i.e. the larval stage of T. solium.

Surprisingly, commercially available Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) designed to detect antiparasite antibody to Echinococcus granulosus in serum (Bordier, France) was weakly positive whereas a similar assay for T. solium (Biotrin, France) was negative. However, based on clinical, radiographical and histological features, the diagnosis of NCC was retained and the patient received both surgical resection of the cyst and albendazole therapy (15 mg/kg/day, 15 days per month for a nine months period), which was well tolerated.

At the final follow-up consultation, the patient was asymptomatic with no recurrence of symptoms. Repeated MRI revealed the persistence of right frontal lesions up to one year after the diagnosis, reflecting sequellar and non-evolutive lesions. E. granulosus ELISA became negative seven months after the lesion was resected.

Molecular identification was retrospectively carried out using previously described PCR protocols (Gonzalez et al., 2000; Gonzalez et al., 2002). These protocols confirmed the species-specific identification of T. solium and not E. granulosus, as might have been inferred from the serology.

Conclusions

Accurate diagnosis of NCC is based on the combination of clinical, epidemiological, radiographic, histological and serologic criteria (Del Brutto et al., 2001). Absolute criteria (i.e. parasite microscopic observation) allow unequivocal diagnosis of NCC. Major criteria (i.e. serological tests) strongly suggest the diagnosis but cannot be used alone to confirm the disease, further their value is closely related to their sensitivity/specificity, which, if insufficient may, as in this case, suggest a misdiagnosis of the species involved. This is where the more specific PCR based diagnostic procedures employed here present an advantage (Gonzalez et al., 2000; Gonzalez et al., 2002). Minor criteria (i.e. clinical manifestations) are considered to be nonspecific. Finally, epidemiological criteria refer to circumstantial evidence that favors a cysticercosis/neurocysticercosis diagnosis.

We report herein the diagnosis of NCC in a patient without any apparent epidemiological risk. Indeed, cysticercosis was eradicated in France by a control strategy combining improvements in hygiene, pig husbandry and veterinary sanitary measures. Importantly the patient had no history of travel to endemic areas. However, NCC is now increasingly diagnosed in more developed countries, due to travel/immigration of NCC patients and/or tapeworm carriers from endemic zones (Garcia et al., 2003; Hawk et al., 2005), contact with infectious tapeworm carriers and/or eggs cannot be excluded.

Because of its pleomorphic nature, NCC can be misdiagnosed (Garcia et al., 2003; Lino-Junior Rde et al., 2007). In this case, a tumor was initially suspected as the cyst was in a degenerative stage. However, the parasitic nature of the lesion was confirmed based on the presence of several scolices in the cyst. Although the presence of multiple scolices within the same cystic lesion is infrequent in NCC, the size (100-120 μm) and distribution of the hooks was consistent with T. solium cysticerci, the larval stage of T. solium.

Cerebral affections involving tapeworm larvae in humans include NCC, cystic echinococcosis and coenurosis (Garcia et al., 2002). Cystic echinococcosis appears mainly as a single, large, spherical and nonenhancing intracranial cyst that was not consistent with the degenerative stage of the observed lesion. E. granulosus larval hooks are18 to 23 μm long thus much smaller than the hooks observed in this case (Ahmadi & Dalimi, 2006). Coenurosis is occasionally caused by larvae of Taenia multiceps and Taenia serialis. The coenurus structure consists of a viscous, fluid-filled bladder containing multiple invaginated scolices, ranging in size from a few millimeters to a few centimeters. The protoscolices have hooklets, of three different types, ranging from 40 to 175 μm again not compatible with the size of the hooks observed in this case. The serological tools employed in this study proved non-contributary to the diagnosis of NCC.ELISA assays are performed in our center as screening tools for the detection of T. solium and E. granulosus antibodies. When positive, T. solium ELISA is secondarily confirmed using a T. solium Enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) assay, contributing to the diagnosis of NCC as a major criteria (Hawk et al., 2005; Ito et al., 2006; Sloan et al., 1995). EITB assay was not performed herein since negative results were obtained with the T. solium ELISA, indicating the potential contribution of a first line T. solium EITB in patients with evocative lesions of NCC.

Retrospectively, the positive E. granulosus ELISA was unexpected since NCC was confirmed using the more sensitive and specific PCR based molecular tools. This finding was probably due to the lower sensitivity/ specificity of the E. granulosus ELISA (Montenegro et al., 1994) resulting in a cross-reaction. This exemplifies the limited value of serology, especially when weak positivity of the test is observed.

The molecular characterization of T. solium using PCR and semi-nested PCR tools confirmed morphological and clinical diagnosis. These tools were used as a retrospective diagnosis, confirming the value of PCR (Gonzalez et al., 2000; Gonzalez et al., 2002) for specific identification of T. solium infections in patients with atypical cerebral lesion(s).

Guidelines have been proposed for the management of NCC (Garcia et al., 2002). However, no consensus exists regarding medical management when enhancing lesions are observed with MRI. A recent meta-analysis, comparing the efficacy of albendazole and praziquantel in terms of both resolution of brain cysts and seizure control, reported no superiority of either drugs in the first-line treatment of NC. Finally, medical management remains guided by collateral factors, including drug availability and costs (Garcia, 2008).

In fine, NCC must be considered in patients with atypical clinical and neuro-imaging presentations, regardless of travel to endemic areas. In this case, anatomopathological examination and molecular tools were crucial for the diagnosis (i) showing atypical form of NCC with the presence of several larvae in a unique cerebral cystic cavity and (ii) unequivocal PCR-based speciation of the parasite involved.

Acknowledgments

Written consent was obtained from the patient or their relative for publication of study. We also would like to thank Luz García for her technical assistance. This work was also supported by a grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain, within the Network of Tropical Diseases Research (RICET RD06/0021/0019).

References

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All Figures

thumbnail Fig. 1.

Histological observation of a PAS stained section of the cyst. (A) magnification × 100; (B, C) magnification × 200; (D, E, F) magnification × 600.

A: large view of the cerebriform cystic lesion; B, C: higher magnification of two of the various lobes of the cyst including multiples scolices (black arrows); D, E: higher magnification from panel C highlighting tapeworm larvae with hooks (black stars); F: the size of the hooks (double black stars) harboured by the protoscolices was homogeneous, ranging from 100 to 120 μm, that were consistent with Taenia solium cysticerci, i.e. the larval stage of T. solium.
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