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All issues Volume 18 / No 4 (November 2011) Parasite, 18 4 (2011) 333-336 Full HTML
Open Access
Issue
Parasite
Volume 18, Number 4, November 2011
Page(s) 333 - 336
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2011184333
Published online 15 November 2011

© PRINCEPS Editions, Paris, 2011, transferred to Société Française de Parasitologie

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Leishmanioses are tropical and sub-tropical parasitic diseases affecting more than 12 million people in the world and for which the chemotherapy is limited by toxicity of the drugs such as antimonials, and by the emergence of drug resistance (WHO, 2007). Despite significative advances during this last decade with the use of AmBisome®, a lipid formulation of amphotericin B, and miltefosine, the first orally active drug, resistance is at risk since it has been obtained in laboratory by selecting drug-resistant parasites under in vitro drug pressure (Mbongo et al., 1998; Seifert et al., 2003). It is therefore necessary to find new chemical classes having antileishmanial activities. Thus, the 2-substituted quinoline series, isolated from Galipea longiflora (Rutaceae), a Bolivian tree used for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniosis lesions by the native Chimane Indians, was intensively studied (Fournet et al., 1993). More than 130 compounds have been synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo against various Leishmania species. Some of them were active on experimental leishmaniasis models by oral route (Nakayama et al., 2005; Fournet et al., 1996). The synthesis of these compounds has a low cost and their in vivo activity on experimental leishmaniasis models prompted “Drug for Neglected Diseases Initiative” to enter this series in its preclinical development pipeline.

In a previous study, we compared three compounds in regard of their easiness of synthesis, their chemical stability, as well as their in vivo antileishmanial activity and toxicity, and we proposed 2-n-propylquinoline (Fig. 1), the natural compound, as the most promising for further investigations (Campos-Vieira et al., 2008). However, the oily state of the native free base cannot allow the development of a simple solid dosage form such as tablet. The compound needs therefore to be formulated.

thumbnail Fig. 1.

Chemical structure of the 2-n-propylquinoline camphorsulfonic salt.

The objectives of this study are: to prepare a formulation, to demonstrate that the new salted formulation did not alter the activity of the active principle, and finally, that this activity was quite good compared to the reference oral drug, miltefosine. Therefore, we report on the set up of a crystalline salt and on its in vivo antileishmanial activity on a Leishmania donovani / Balb/c mice model after oral administration.

Material and Methods

Chemicals

2-n-propylquinoline was synthesized by previously described procedures (Fakhfakh et al., 2003). Physical and spectral data including proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry were used to check the purity of 2-n-propylquinoline. Miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine or HePC) was provided by Zentaris laboratories (Frankfurt, Germany).

Selection and Preparation of 2-N-Propylquinoline Formulation

Screening and selection of the suitable salt

Six acids were tested for their capacity to form a crystalline salt when associated to 2-n-propylquinoline: benzensulfonic, camphor-sulfonic, methanesulfonic, sulfuric, nitric, toluenesulfonic. These acids were selected on the basis of their pKa. Various crystallization media including ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetonitrile and water were used to obtain crystals from equimolar mixtures of the drug and the acids.

Physico-chemical characterisation

At the end of the crystallization step, the resulting solids were analyzed by optical microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. For optical microscopy analysis, small samples of the solids isolated after crystallization in the different media were observed by a Navitar 12× Zoom microscope or a Leica DMIRB inversed microscope (Nanterre, France), both equipped with a digital camera and a motorized stage. Microscopy images were recorded either under direct light or between crossed polarizer and analyzer. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analysis was performed on a Brüker-AXS D8 Advance diffractometer (Brücker, Paris, France), using a copper anti-cathode, a mono-crystalline silicon sample holder and a position sensitive detector.

In Vivo Antileishmanial Activity

The formulation was evaluated in vivo for its antileishmanial properties by oral route on the Leishmania donovani / Balb/c mice model, comparatively to 2-n-propylquinoline alone and miltefosine, the oral reference drug, according to previously described protocols (Nakayama et al., 2005; Nakayama et al., 2007). Six- to eight-week-old Balb/c mice (Élevages Janvier, Le Genest Saint Isle, France) were infected intravenously on day 1 with 107 L. donovani (MHOM/ ET/67/HU3) amastigotes derived from spleen hamsters and randomly sorted into three groups of ten and one group of 12. The treatment started one week postinfection, on day 8, and continued for ten consecutive days untill day 17. One group of ten mice received orally 100 μl of the formulation, dissolved in 1 % carboxymethylcellulosis, the second group of ten mice received 100 μl of a suspension of 2-n-propylquinoline in 1 % carboxymethylcellulosis, and the third group of ten mice received 100 μl of miltefosine, dissolved in 1 % carboxymethylcellulosis. Each group was treated orally and daily at 60 μmoles/kg of body weight. The fourth group of 12 mice was treated with 100 μl of 1 % carboxymethylcellulosis as a control. At day 24, all groups were sacrificed and livers and spleens were weighed. Parasite numbers were determined by counting the number of amastigotes/500 liver cells in Giemsa-stained impression smears prepared from the liver and multiplying that value by the weight of the liver in milligrams (Nakayama et al., 2005). The mean number of parasites per gram of liver of treatment groups and controls were compared using Student’s t test or the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric analysis of variance test for comparing two groups. Significance was established for a P value < 0.05.

Results and Discussion

The chemical structure of the 2-n-propylquinoline camphorsulfonic salt is reported on Fig. 1. From the various attempts to obtain a crystalline salt with the tested acids, only the camphorsulfonic sample was shown to contain regularly shaped and birefringent particles (Figs 2 and 3). During the whole study, different batches of the camphorsulfonic salt were produced. Their crystalline forms were compared by means of powder X-ray diffraction. They all presented the same diffraction pattern (Fig. 4), showing that they were made of the same crystal form.

thumbnail Fig. 2.

Optical microscopy photography of the 2-n-propylquinoline formulation (× 40).
thumbnail Fig. 3.

Polarized light optical microscopy photography of the 2-npropylquinoline formulation (× 81).
thumbnail Fig. 4.

– X-ray diffraction patterns of four batches of the 2-npropylquinoline camphorsulfonic salt.

The presence of the camphorsulfonic salt did not significantly modify the antileishmanial activities of 2- n-propylquinoline (Fig. 5). Camphorsulfonic acid alone did not exhibit any in vitro antileishmanial activity on the L. donovani intramacrophage amastigote model at 150 μM (data not shown).

thumbnail Fig. 5.

In vivo antileishmanial activity of the 2-n-propylquinoline camphorsulfonic salt vs 2-n-propylquinoline (2-n-PQ) vs miltefosine on the L. donovani / Balb/c mice model. - Miltefosine vs 2-n-PQ: no significant (P > 0.05). - 2-n-PQ vs formulation: no significant (P > 0.05). - Miltefosine vs formulation: no significant (P > 0.05).

After a treatment with the salt formulation by oral route at 60 μmoles/kg/day for ten consecutive days corresponding to 10.3 mg of 2-n-propylquinoline/ kg/day, the parasite burden was reduced in the liver by 76 % whereas the parasite burden reduction after treament with miltefosine at the same dose and in identical conditions was 89 % which was not significantly different (Fig. 5).

In summary, from the 2-substituted quinoline series intensively studied for its antileishmanial activity since about many years, 2-n-propylquinoline, the natural compound, is a suitable candidate for further investigations (Campos-Vieira et al., 2008). However, the major limitation for further investigations was the oily state of the native free base that would have prevented the development of a simple solid dosage form. Identifying a solid form such as crystalline camphorsulfonic salt of the compound and having proved that the selected material did not decrease the compound efficacy in vivo now allows coming back to that option. From a first pharmacokinetics study described by Iglarz et al., 1998, the present formulation makes now possible the determination of pharmacokinetics parameters in optimized conditions. Moreover, these data could help to define treatment regimens in experimental leishmaniosis models by associating 2-propylquinoline, that exhibits a short half-life, with miltefosine, having a long half-life, in order to prevent drug resistance to both the compounds.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by an IRD grant “Quinoléines antileishmaniennes” and the formulation from this study was patented by Fournet et al., Patent PCT/FR 2009/000425 (14-04-2009). F. Huteau is acknowledged for his technical advice on parasites.

References

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All Figures

thumbnail Fig. 1.

Chemical structure of the 2-n-propylquinoline camphorsulfonic salt.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 2.

Optical microscopy photography of the 2-n-propylquinoline formulation (× 40).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 3.

Polarized light optical microscopy photography of the 2-npropylquinoline formulation (× 81).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 4.

– X-ray diffraction patterns of four batches of the 2-npropylquinoline camphorsulfonic salt.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 5.

In vivo antileishmanial activity of the 2-n-propylquinoline camphorsulfonic salt vs 2-n-propylquinoline (2-n-PQ) vs miltefosine on the L. donovani / Balb/c mice model. - Miltefosine vs 2-n-PQ: no significant (P > 0.05). - 2-n-PQ vs formulation: no significant (P > 0.05). - Miltefosine vs formulation: no significant (P > 0.05).
In the text

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