| Issue |
Parasite
Volume 33, 2026
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Article Number | 7 | |
| Number of page(s) | 13 | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2026004 | |
| Published online | 11 February 2026 | |
Research Article
Fasciolosis, a foodborne zoonotic trematode infection in cattle in Bangladesh: multifaceted validation of parthenogenecity and anthelmintic efficacy
La fasciolose, une trématodose zoonotique d’origine alimentaire chez les bovins au Bangladesh : validation multifactorielle de la parthénogénicité et de l’efficacité des anthelminthiques
1
Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
2
Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
3
Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
4
Department of Fisheries Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
5
Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
6
Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Received:
8
May
2025
Accepted:
8
January
2026
Abstract
Parthenogenic Fasciola (Trematoda: Fasciolidae) flukes have been developed by the hybridization of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. They are aspermic (asF) but capable of clonal expansion through parthenogenesis and are spreading rapidly throughout the globe. Here, we unambiguously prove the occurrence of parthenogenic Fasciola in cattle in Bangladesh, along with their ex vivo culture protocol and anthelmintic efficacy. By employing multiple conventional and molecular tools, we confirmed the presence of both the spermic F. gigantica (sFg) (31.7%; 814/2575) and asF (68.3%; 1761/2575) in Bangladesh. Both the adult sFg and asF survived well in DMEM supplemented with 20% bovine serum and 20% bovine bile. Using a DMEM-based ex vivo culture protocol, we found that nitroxynil (NTX) and oxyclozanide (OCZ) efficiently killed both sFg and asFg in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Surprisingly, triclabendazole (TCBZ) and clorsulon (CRL) killed neither sFg nor asF. Also, praziquantel, albendazole, and levamisole did not affect the viability of the flukes. We found that all TCBZ survivors had more than one mutation, both in nucleotides (G440A, G643A, and G788A) and amino acids (R147K, E215K, and R263K) of the binding pocket of carboxylesterase B (CestB), providing molecular evidence of TCBZ resistance in Fasciola. Taken together, asF constitutes more than two-thirds of the Fasciola population in Bangladesh. This study unambiguously proved the ineffectiveness of TCBZ against both asF and sFg circulating in Bangladesh. Therefore, only OCZ and NTX remain effective against fasciolosis, which thus poses ongoing public health risks of infection in humans with TCBZ-tolerant strains of fasciolosis.
Résumé
Les douves Fasciola parthénogéniques (Trematoda : Fasciolidae) sont issues de l’hybridation de Fasciola hepatica et Fasciola gigantica ; elles sont aspermiques (asF), capables de se multiplier par parthénogénèse et se propagent rapidement à travers le monde. Dans cette étude, nous démontrons sans ambiguïté la présence de Fasciola parthénogénétique chez les bovins au Bangladesh, et décrivons son protocole de culture ex vivo ainsi que l’efficacité des anthelminthiques. Grâce à l’utilisation de plusieurs outils conventionnels et moléculaires, nous avons confirmé la présence de F. gigantica spermatique (sFg) (31,7 % ; 814/2575) et asF (68,3 % ; 1761/2575) au Bangladesh. Les douves adultes sFg et asF ont toutes deux bien survécu dans du DMEM supplémenté avec 20 % de sérum bovin et 20 % de bile bovine. Grâce à un protocole de culture ex vivo en milieu DMEM, nous avons constaté que le nitroxynil (NTX) et l’oxyclosanide (OCZ) tuaient efficacement les deux types de douves, de manière concentration-dépendante et temps-dépendante. De façon surprenante, le triclabendazole (TCBZ) et le clorsulon (CRL) n’ont eu aucun effet sur les deux espèces. Par ailleurs, le praziquantel, l’albendazole et le lévamisole n’ont pas affecté la viabilité des douves. Nous avons constaté que tous les survivants au TCBZ présentaient plusieurs mutations, tant au niveau des nucléotides (G440A, G643A et G788A) que des acides aminés (R147K, E215K et R263K) du site de liaison de la carboxylestérase B (CestB), ce qui constitue une preuve moléculaire de la résistance au TCBZ chez Fasciola. La souche asF représente plus des deux tiers de la population de Fasciola au Bangladesh. Cette étude a démontré sans ambiguïté l’inefficacité du TCBZ contre les souches asF et sFg circulant au Bangladesh. Par conséquent, seuls l’OCZ et le NTX restent efficaces contre la fasciolose, ce qui représente un risque persistant pour la santé publique lié à l’infection humaine par des souches de fasciolose tolérantes au TCBZ.
Key words: Fasciola gigantica / Parthenogenic Fasciola / Liver fluke / Carboxylesterase B mutation
Edited by Emmanuel Liénard
© M.H. Ali et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2026
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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