Table 1
A “One Health” assessment model. Implementation of an action plan to combat porcine cysticercosis using different parameters deduced from the nine planetary limits defined by different authors and the expected socioeconomic consequences. This table is restricted to elements that are directly relevant to the control of cysticercosis. All planetary-boundary-type items (climate change, aerosols, ozone, ocean acidification, etc.) and generic governance concepts without a direct operational link have been removed (Boireau, 2024 International Academic Forum on Zoonoses Research, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China).
| Domain | Relevant focus | Operational actions |
|---|---|---|
| Biogeophysical Factors | ||
| Sanitation & Waste Management | Environmental contamination with human feces (primary driver of transmission) | Build and maintain latrines; prevent open defecation; prohibit use of untreated human feces as fertilizer; ensure safe disposal of waste. |
| Pig Management & Husbandry | Exposure of pigs to Taenia solium eggs | Keep pigs confined or tethered; separate pigs from human living areas; prevent access to latrines, waste dumps, and wastewater. |
| Land Use (Village Scale) | Human-pig environment interface | Organize village layouts that clearly separate housing, sanitation facilities, and pig-rearing areas; manage free-roaming livestock. |
| Food Safety & Meat Inspection | Transmission through infected pork | Promote local meat inspection; discourage informal slaughter without veterinary inspection; promote proper cooking of pork. |
| Freshwater Access & Hygiene | Fecal-oral transmission | Ensure access to safe drinking water; protect water sources from fecal contamination; promote handwashing with clean water. |
| Socioeconomic and Public Health Factors | ||
| Human Health | Neurocysticercosis, epilepsy burden | Prioritize cysticercosis as a public health issue; integrate with epilepsy control programs. |
| Education & Awareness | Sustained behavior change | Implement community education on transmission routes, hygiene practices, pig confinement, and safe pork consumption. |
| Livelihoods & Economic Feasibility | Adoption and sustainability of control measures | Support affordable, small-scale pig production compatible with confinement and biosecurity; avoid costly industrial systems. |
| Housing & Village Organization | Environmental exposure and contamination | Improve housing design and spatial organization to separate humans, pigs, and sanitation facilities. |
| Child Protection | High vulnerability to infection | Reduce environmental contamination around homes; promote hygiene education and protective practices among children. |
| Local Governance & Community Involvement | Compliance, ownership, and long-term sustainability | Engage local authorities and community leaders in planning, implementation, monitoring, and enforcement of control measures. |
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