Epidemiologic cycle of the plague in Kurdistan (Golvan & Rioux, 1961): 1: Meriones persicus, a resistant species, in its biotope: rock gardens; 2: Meriones vinogradovi, a sensitive species, in its biotope: the dry wheat field on flat ground; 3: Microtus; 4: Allactaga; 5: Mesocricetus; 6. Ellobius, “vicariant reservoirs” of the plague bacillus or plague fleas; 7: Contamination of a child by handling a dead rodent; 8, 9, and 10: Village epidemic, either bubonic by the human flea or pulmonary by direct transmission. Permission granted by Société Française de Parasitologie, License: CCBY 4.0.