Open Access
Table 2
Cryptosporidium frequency in the general population in Sub-Saharan African countries according to different studies.
| Country | Year* | Age group (years) | Population | Presence of symptoms | Cryptosporidium Frequency No. positive/No. samples (%) | Diagnostic methods | Molecular markers | Cryptosporidium species | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nigeria | 2007 | Adults | People in the community | NR | 204 (rural: 29.7, urban: 19.4) | Formol-ether and microscopy (modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining) | NA | ND | [21] |
| Zambia | 2007 | Adults | Farmers | Not digestive disorders | 18/289 (6) | ELISA and nested PCR | SSU-rRNA and HSP70 | C. parvum/C. hominis | [43] |
| Ethiopia | 2010 | 1–45 | People seeking medical attention, including HIV patients | Digestive disorders | 79/1034 (7.6) | Microscopy (Ziehl–Neelsen staining), nested PCR | COWP, SSU-rRNA and GP60 | C. hominis, C. parvum | [1] |
| Zimbabwe | 2010 | All ages | People in the community | NR | 19/300 (6.3) | Microscopy (Ziehl–Neelsen staining) | NA | ND | [29] |
| Cameroon | 2011 | Adults | People in the community | NR | 1/35 (2.9) (considering only controls) | Immunoassay | NA | ND | [36] |
| Uganda | 2012 | <75 | People in the community (human volunteers) | Not digestive disorders | 35/108 (32.4) | Nested PCR | COWP | C. parvum/C. hominis | [40] |
| Madagascar | 2014 | NR | People in the community | NR | 1/120 (0.8) | PCR-RFLP | SSU-rRNA | C. suis | [6] |
| Mali | 2015 | 18–30 | European soldiers | Digestive disorders | 3/51 (5.7) | Multiplex PCR | NR | C. parvum | [17] |
| Sudan | 2015 | 1–80 | Inhabitants of 2 rural areas considering only >20 years old | NR | 34/247 (13.3) | Microscopy (Ziehl–Neelsen staining) | NA | ND | [42] |
| Tanzania | 2015 | NR | People in the community | Digestive disorders | 8/185 (4.3) | PCR-RFLP | SSU rRNA | C. hominis | [34] |
| Ethiopia | 2015 | < 80 | People seeking medical attention | Digestive disorders | 1/92 (1.1) | Microscopy (Ziehl–Neelsen staining), nested PCR assay | GP60 | C. hominis IbA9G3 | [15] |
| Burkina Faso | 2015 | All ages | People seeking medical attention | Digestive disorders | 77/291 (26.5) | Formol-ether concentration and modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining | NA | ND | [41] |
| Cote d’Ivoire | 2015 | >12 months | People in the community | Digestive disorders | 5/121 (4.13) | Antigen detection RDT, multiplex reverse transcriptase (RT-) PCR | NR | ND | [4] |
| Kenya | 2016 | 2–81 | People in the community | NR | ?/796 (<1) | Real-time PCR | NR | NR | [13] |
| Tanzania | 2016 | All ages | People in the community | NR | 2/174 (1.1) | Real-time PCR | SSU-rRNA | ND | [16] |
| Ghana | 2017 | Adults | Livestock farmers | NR | 8/95 (8.4) | Real-time PCR | SSU-rRNA | C. parvum | [46] |
| Mozambique | 2018 | >17 | People seeking medical attention, excluding immunosuppressed people | Digestive disorders | 9/108 (8.3) | PCR-RFLP | SSU-rRNA | C. parvum, C. hominis, C. felis | [7] |
| Madagascar | 2020 | All ages | People in the community | NR | 4/49 (8.16) | Immunoassay | NA | NA | [44] |
| Ethiopia | 2021 | 6–66 | People seeking medical attention, excluding immunosuppressed people | Digestive disorders | 23/95 (24.2) | Microscopy, nested PCR and real-time PCR | SSU-rRNA and GP60 | C. parvum and C. hominis | [20] |
| Madagascar | 2021 | 18–36 | Household contacts | NR | 4/52 (7.69) | Nested PCR | SSU-rRNA | C. hominis | [14] |
| Gabon | 2021 | 6–25 | Household contacts | NR | 16/79 (20.25) | Nested PCR | SSU-rRNA | C. parvum, C. hominis, C. felis | [25] |
| Tanzania | 2021 | 7–30 | Household contacts | NR | 16/114 (14.03) | Nested PCR | SSU-rRNA | C. parvum and C. hominis | [25] |
| Ghana | 2021 | Household contacts | NR | 11/105 (10.48) | Nested PCR | SSU-rRNA | C. parvum, C. hominis, C. felis | [25] | |
| Ethiopia | 2022 | >6 | Farmers | NR | 10/113 (8.8) | Sheather sugar solution and Microscopy (modifed Ziehl–Neelsen staining) | NA | NA | [5] |
| Cote d’Ivoire | 2024 | 1–75 | People in the community | Not digestive disorders | 3/259 (1.2) (considering only controls) | Multiplex real-time PCR | NR | ND | [22] |
| Mali | 2024 | 1–56 | People in the community | Not digestive disorder | 26/547 (4.8) (considering only controls) | Multiplex real-time PCR | NR | ND | [22] |
| Ethiopia | 2024 | Adults | People seeking medical attention | NR | 14/122 (11.5) | Microscopy (Ziehl–Neelsen staining) | NA | NA | [19] |
*Year of publication; NR: Not reported; NA: Not applicable; ND: Not determined; table modified from [45].
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