Alterations in mRNA expression in IPEC-J2 cells induced by P. hominis. This figure illustrates the alterations in mRNA expression of specific genes in IPEC-J2 cells following P. hominis induction. (A) displays changes in mRNA expression of anti-oxidative stress-related genes, while (B) presents changes in mRNA expression of inflammatory-related genes. The significance of the differences between the control group and the P. hominis-induced group is indicated by asterisks: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001, and ***p < 0.0001.