Determination of cell viability of IPEC-J2 cells induced by varying concentrations of P. hominis. Cell viability was monitored by using CCK8 assay kits, in which optical density (OD) 450 nm values represent cell viability. The y-axis denotes the OD450 nm, and the x-axis indicates the various P. hominis co-culture time points. The data points are represented as a line graph, illustrating the trend of cell viability across the concentration range. Statistical significance is denoted by asterisks: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001, and ***p < 0.0001.