Adhesion rate of IPEC-J2 cells co-incubated with varying P. hominis concentrations. The adhesion rate is depicted as a bar graph, with the y-axis indicating the percentage of adhered cells, and the x-axis representing the incubation time in hours. Different colors and patterns represent the three initial inoculation amounts. To assess statistical significance, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted. Letters A, B, and C indicate differences in initial inoculation amounts at the same time point, while lowercase letters a, b, c, d, e, and f denote differences in time points for the same initial inoculation amount. Similar letters indicate no significant difference.