Survival curves of male Glossina palpalis gambiensis irradiated as pupae with a single (110 Gy) or fractionated doses of 10 + 100 Gy and 50 + 60 Gy, separated by 1-, 2- and 3-day intervals (D1, D2, D3). The control group consisted of non-irradiated males. All flies were maintained under standard rearing conditions and were monitored under feeding stress. The black vertical line indicates the median survival time, representing the duration when the likelihood of survival decreased by 50%. The table accompanying the graphs displays the mean survival time, its standard error (SE), and the median.