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Table 6
Summary of pathogens, transmitted by Culicoides, to be monitored for cattle in France.
| Pathogen | Potential vectorpresent | Distribution | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease virus | Unknown | America, Africa, Southeast Asia, Japan and Australia | Mellor et al. 2000 [69] |
| Palyam virus | Culicoides imicola | Africa, Asia and Australia | Mellor et al. 2000 [69] |
| Bovine Ephemeral Fever virus | Culicoides imicola | Africa, Middle East, India, China, Southeast Asia, Japan, Indonesia and Australia | Mellor et al. 2000 [69] |
| Akabane virus | Culicoides imicola | Africa, Middle East, Southeast Asia and Australia | Mellor et al. 2000 [69] |
| Schmallenberg virus* | Culicoides imicola, Culicoides newsteadi, Culicoides obsoletus/Culicoides scoticus | Europe | Ségard et al. 2018 [90]; Koenraadt et al. 2014 [59] |
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