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All issues Volume 29 (2022) Parasite, 29 (2022) 13 Full HTML
Open Access
Issue
Parasite
Volume 29, 2022
Article Number 13
Number of page(s) 7
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2022013
Published online 07 March 2022

© L. Yang et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2022

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction

Theileria spp. are tick-borne protozoan blood parasites of the Phylum Apicomplexa, Order Piroplasmida. Most of them possess a unique form of organelle that comprises a type of plastid called an apicoplast and an apical complex structure. Theileria spp. are mainly transmitted by ixodid ticks belonging to the genera Amblyomma, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, and Rhipicephalus. They infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals, especially tropical and subtropical ruminants [15]. Infestation can be a significant cause of economic losses because of severe disease outbreaks, high mortality rates, and reduced production.

Theileria lestoquardi causes ovine piroplasmosis in Northern Africa, Southern Europe, and the Middle East [3, 9]. In China, the prevalence of Theileria spp. has been reported from several provinces [8, 24]. At least nine species of Theileria have been reported in previous studies [1, 5, 6, 8, 23]. Theileria lestoquardi, T. luwenshuni and T. uilenbergi may cause serious clinical symptoms in sheep [8, 19, 23], while T. ovis and T. separate are less pathogenic or non-pathogenic [1]. Of the Theileria species present in China, T. luwenshuni and T. uilenbergi are the most prevalent in sheep and goats and are considered the most infective [12, 13, 24]. Hainan island/province is a tropical area in the south of China, where goats are common breeding ruminants. Minimal epidemiological information about Theileria spp. in goats from Hainan is available.

Goats infected with Theileria spp. display a wide range of clinical symptoms and signs, including fever, anorexia, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, respiratory signs (coughing, nasal discharge, dyspnea), anemia, icterus, and diarrhea [14]. Furthermore, similar symptoms have been reported in sheep infected with T. luwenshuni or T. uilenbergi. Hematological profiles may provide valuable information for the diagnosis, surveillance, and formulation of the prognosis of the disease in an individual [18]. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate epidemiological information on T. luwenshuni and the changes in the hematological profiles related to T. luwenshuni infection in goats in Hainan.

Material and methods

Sample collection and DNA extraction

A total of 464 samples from black goats from six cities and eight counties were collected from selected sites across Hainan from November 2017 to October 2020 (Fig. 1). Blood samples were randomly collected from black goats, transferred into EDTA-coated vacuum tubes, and transported to the laboratory, maintaining cold conditions. According to the manufacturer’s instructions, genetic DNA was extracted using 100 μL of blood sample (Sangon Ezup Column blood genomic DNA extraction kit, China). The extracted DNA samples were stored at −20 °C until use.

thumbnail Figure 1

Map of Hainan showing locations where the samples were collected.

Blood smear microscopy

The collected blood of the black goats was used to prepare the blood smear, and Liu’s Stain (Solarbio, Beijing, China) was used, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Then, thin blood smears were examined for the presence of intra-erythrocytic piroplasms of Theileria spp. under oil immersion (100× magnification) [16].

Nested PCR amplification and DNA sequencing

Amplifications of the 18S rRNA gene were achieved by nPCR to check the presence of piroplasm infections in 464 samples. The first round of primers were universal eukaryotic primers for 18SrRNA genes [10]. The primers were T.lu-18S rRNA-F: 5′ – AACCTGGTTGATCCTGCCAGTAGT – 3′ and T.lu-18S rRNA-R: 5′ – GATCCTTCTGCAGGTTCACCTAC – 3′. The expected product size for the first round of PCR was approximately 1745 bp. Universal primers for Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. were used in the nested round of PCR [7]. The primers used for the nPCR were TBall (TBall-F: 5′ – GATAAC-CGTGCTAATTGTAGG – 3′; TBall-R: 5′ – ATCGTCTTCGATCCCCTA ACT – 3′). The expected amplicon size was approximately 808 bp. PCR amplifications were performed using 2 μL of DNA template, 25 μL of Green Taq Mix (2×) (Vazyme, Beijing, China), 0.5 μL of 10 μM forward and reverse primers of T.lu-18S rRNA. Double distilled water was added to make up the total reaction volume. PCR was performed using the following thermal cycling conditions: initial denaturation at 95 °C for 5 min; 40 cycles of 95 °C 30 s, 58 °C 30 s, 72 °C 90 s, finally extended at 72 °C for 10 min. Further, nested PCR was carried out using the second set of primers and 2 μL of product from the first round of PCR as the template DNA. Thermal cycling conditions for the second round or nested round of PCR were: initial denaturation step at 95 °C 5 min, 14 cycles at 95 °C for 30 s, 62 °C for 30 s subtracting 0.5 °C per cycle to 55 °C and 72 °C for 30 s, then 25 cycles at 95 °C or 20 s, 55 °C for 30 s and 72 °C for 30 s, with a final extension step at 72 °C for 10 min. PCR products were examined on 1% agarose gel stained with 0.1% GoldenView using a Quick-Load 5 kb DNA Ladder marker (TAKARA BIO, Inc. China), visualized under the Gel Doc XR+ Imaging system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.). All amplified PCR products were purified using a DNA gel purification kit (Sangon prep Kit) according to the manufacturer’s instructions and were sent to Sangon Biotech and Bio-engineering, Guangzhou, for DNA sequencing.

Sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis

All the obtained DNA sequences were analyzed using BLAST (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi). All the sequences generated from this study were compared with the corresponding 18S rRNA reference sequences originating from BLAST analysis by Lasergene 8.0 software (http://DNASTAR.com) to verify the accuracy of the results. The obtained sequences of the 18S rRNA gene of piroplasm were also aligned with the reference sequences from GenBank using BioEdit software for Clustal W Multiple alignment algorithm (Number of bootstraps: 1000). A phylogenetic tree was constructed for phylogenetic tree analysis by the maximum likelihood method (Tamura-Nei model) using MEGA 7.0 software [22]. This result was confirmed using 1000 bootstrap replications.

Hematological analysis

Fifty blood samples from the 464 samples were examined using a VetScan HM5 automatic blood cell analyzer (Abaxis, USA). Hematologic parameters were analyzed and calculated. Positive and negative samples were bifurcated into groups based on nPCR assay results. The negative group consisted of 35 healthy black goats and the positive group of 15 infected black goats. Statistical software SPSS 23.0 was used to conduct one-way ANOVA on various hematological indicators of the positive and negative groups to determine whether there were significant changes. We first used a homogeneity test of variances to infer the credibility of the data, and means were compared by Tukey’s and Duncan’s multiple range tests at a probability level ≤ 0.05. The reference values are provided by the Merck Veterinary Manual [21].

Results

Blood smear microscopy

The microscopic examination of blood smear results showed that there were pear-seed-shaped, needle-shaped, rod-shaped, and cross-shaped parasites in red blood. The cytoplasm was light blue and the nucleus is dark purple (Fig. 2). This is consistent with the morphology reported in the literature. Therefore, the infestation was preliminarily diagnosed to be Theileria spp.

thumbnail Figure 2

Peripheral blood smear examination showing the sporozoites of T. luwenshuni inside RBCs. A–C was magnified 2000×.

PCR amplification

It was found that 161/464 DNA samples (34.7%) from black goats were positive for piroplasms. The obtained sequences showed > 99.9% nucleotide sequence identity to T. luwenshuni sequences deposited in NCBI GenBank by BLAST analysis. The results demonstrated that all piroplasm animals were also positive for T. luwenshuni. Among the 14 sampling sites, Chengmai (100%, 20/20), Dingan (62.2%, 56/90), and Wenchang (65.1%, 28/43) had a high prevalence of Theileria spp. infection, while Wuzhishan (0%, 0/21), Ledong (0%, 0/38), Changjiang (0%, 0/13), and Lingao (0%, 0/33) had no cases of infection (Table 1).

Table 1

Detection of Theileria spp.by the nPCR in goats from Hainan.

Phylogenetic analysis

A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the sequences obtained in this study and sequences retrieved from the GenBank database (Fig. 3). In all, 19 sequences of the 18S rRNA gene of piroplasms in goats, including nine sequences of T. luwenshuni from the black goats (from Haikou, Dingan, Chengmei, Qionghai and Wenchang, Qiongzhong, Dongfang) obtained in this study, three T. luwenshuni gene sequences, and seven other sequences of piroplasms from the GenBank database were used for phylogenetic tree construction. The accession numbers are MK680190 – MK680195, MK685116 – MK685118. The phylogenetic analysis showed that all the sequences from Hainan black goats clustered in one clade with T. luwenshuni in China (JN676987) and Myanmar (LC326010) with 99% identity, and were different from other piroplasm sequences obtained from GenBank.

thumbnail Figure 3

Phylogenetic tree of 18SrRNA of T. luwenshuni in black goats isolated from Hainan Island/province. The sequences obtained in the present study are indicated by “HN”. Bootstrap values are provided at the beginning of each branch.

Hematological analysis

To confirm whether T. luwenshuni infection induced alterations in the hematological parameters during infection, hematological parameters were compared between the negative and positive groups of T. luwenshuni-infected goats. The data were analyzed by statistical software SPSS 23.0, and the homogeneity of variance test proved that T. luwenshuni infection can affect the hematological parameters in the goats, but the differences were not significant (p > 0.05). Table 2 presents the hematological parameters of the goat blood samples from the negative and positive groups. The mean values had significant differences in hematocrit (HCT), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red cell distribution width (RDW) between the negative and positive groups. Among them, HCT, MCV, and MCH were significantly increased (p < 0.01), while MCHC and RDW were significantly decreased (p < 0.01).

Table 2

The averages (SD) of hematological parameters of T. luwenshuni positive and negative samples in goats.

Discussion

In the present study, we investigated the epidemiology of Theileria spp. in goats from Hainan. We also explored the association between T. luwenshuni infection and hematological parameters. To our knowledge, this is the first report on epidemiological investigations related to piroplasm infections in goats from Hainan.

Goat piroplasmosis is a tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan parasites, including Theileria and Babesia. In this study, the parasite bodies of Theileria spp. were found by blood smear microscopy, which was consistent with the morphology of Theileria spp. described in the literature [11, 25], so Theileria spp. was preliminarily diagnosed as the infecting species. All samples were then tested using nPCR. A sample of 464 goats from 14 different sampling sites in Hainan were included in the study. In some areas, the infection rate of piroplasm in goats was as high as 100%. The average prevalence of the piroplasm was 34.7%. Sequencing results showed that T. luwenshuni was the most prevalent parasite found in goats in Hainan. The results were consistent with those obtained by blood smear microscopy. In addition, this study found that different feeding methods were correlated with the disease’s infection rate. The infection rate in grazing goats is significantly higher than that of house-fed goats. Presumably, this is because house-fed animals are less likely to be bitten by ticks. The finding of only T. luwenshuni infection in goats in Hainan suggested it may be the dominant piroplasm infecting goats in this island. Piroplasm infection in goats should be related to the number and distribution of the piroplasm vectors. There are around 5 genera and 12 species of ticks found in Hainan, and Haemaphysalis longicornis has been reported in ruminants from Qiongzhong and Wanning, Hainan. Haemaphysalis longicornis is one of the main vectors of Theileria spp., which is mainly distributed across the northeast and the southeast of China. Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Boophilus microplus have also been found abundantly in Hainan (unpublished data). Therefore, tick-borne diseases can easily be transmitted and can thrive well in tropical climates where the climate is favorable for tick survival.

Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences revealed the similarity of the obtained sequences from Hainan to the corresponding sequences of T. luwenshuni from other regions of China (accession numbers: GenBank sequence JN676987 and JX469518) and the Myanmar isolate (GenBank sequence: LC326010), which further proves that the strain obtained from Hainan was T. luwenshuni [4].

The hematological index of animals is an important indicator reflecting their physiological function and an essential basis for the clinical diagnosis of diseases. Theileria luwenshuni is widely distributed in China and highly pathogenic in goats [4, 17]. In this study, hematologic tests were performed on both naturally infected and uninfected goats. It was found that MCV and MCH increased significantly, while MCHC decreased significantly. Therefore, the condition is classified as macrocytic, hypochromic anemia. This is consistent with the presentation of tick-borne blood parasitic disease reported in other literature [2]. However, the significant increase of MCH in this study is inconsistent with the substantial decrease in MCH reported by Shruthi [20], which may be due to that the different infecting Theileria species. However, this needs to be investigated in subsequent studies. In this study, there was no significant difference in red blood cell (RBC) and hemoglobin (HGB) levels, which was different from the significant decrease in RBC and HGB levels reported in the literature [14]. This is speculated to be due to the fact that the goats infected with T. luwenshuni in the investigation were not in the prometaphase of acute infection, but in a carrying state in the later stage of infection.

To our knowledge, this is the first molecular and epidemiological report of piroplasm infection in the goats from Hainan. Hematological tests showed that the infected goats may have macrocytic, hypochromic anemia. This investigation and data are of great significance and importance for preventing, controlling, and managing piroplasmosis in ruminants in Hainan, which encourages more detailed studies in the future.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Financial support

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0501200).

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Cite this article as: Yang L, Wang J-H, Upadhyay A, Zhao J-G, Huang L-Y, Liao C-H & Han Q. 2022. Identification of Theileria spp. and investigation of hematological profiles of their infections in goats in Hainan Island, China. Parasite 29, 13.

All Tables

Table 1

Detection of Theileria spp.by the nPCR in goats from Hainan.

In the text
Table 2

The averages (SD) of hematological parameters of T. luwenshuni positive and negative samples in goats.

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Figure 1

Map of Hainan showing locations where the samples were collected.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 2

Peripheral blood smear examination showing the sporozoites of T. luwenshuni inside RBCs. A–C was magnified 2000×.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 3

Phylogenetic tree of 18SrRNA of T. luwenshuni in black goats isolated from Hainan Island/province. The sequences obtained in the present study are indicated by “HN”. Bootstrap values are provided at the beginning of each branch.
In the text

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