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Table 1
List of hosts and their insect ectoparasites. Abbreviation: Prev. = prevalence = number of birds parasitized/number of birds examined, Ny = nymphs, C = Ceratophyllidae, H = Hippoboscidae, M = Menoponidae, P = Philopteridae, R = Ricinidae; FM = gynandromorphs.
| Bird species Ectoparasite family/species | São Miguel (April) |
Santa Maria (September) |
Graciosa (September) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prev. | ♂ | ♀ | Ny | Prev. | ♂ | ♀ | Ny | Prev. | ♂ | ♀ | Ny | |
| Family Fringillidae | ||||||||||||
| Carduelis carduelis parva Tschusi, 1901 | 0/2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Fringilla coelebs moreletti Pucheran, 1859 | ||||||||||||
| C/Dasypsyllus gallinulae (Dale, 1878)** | 3/27 | 0 | 3 | – | 0/14 | – | – | – | 2/61 | 1 | 1 | – |
| H/Ornithomya avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758)** | 0/27 | – | – | – | 0/14 | – | – | – | 4/61 | 1 | 5 | – |
| H/Ornithoica turdi (Olivier in Latreille, 1811)** | 0/27 | – | – | – | 0/14 | – | – | – | 7/61 | 2 | 6 | – |
| M/Menacanthus eurysternus (Burmeister, 1838)** | 1/27 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0/14 | – | – | – | 29/61 | 160 | 235 | 1448* |
| P/Brueelia kluzi Balát, 1955** | 0/27 | – | – | – | 0/14 | – | – | – | 21/61 | 11 | 11 | 17 |
| Serinus canaria (Linnaeus, 1758) | 0/19 | – | – | – | 0/11 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Family Muscicapidae | ||||||||||||
| Erithacus rubecula rubecula (Linnaeus, 1758) | ||||||||||||
| C/Dasypsyllus gallinulae (Dale, 1878) | 1/10 | 0 | 1 | – | 0/6 | – | – | – | 0/3 | – | – | – |
| H/Ornithoica turdi (Olivier in Latreille, 1811)*** | 0/10 | – | – | – | 2/6 | 1 | 1 | – | 0/3 | – | – | – |
| P/Guimaraesiella tristis (Giebel, 1874) | 2/10 | 23 | 38 | 12 | 0/6 | – | – | – | 0/3 | – | – | – |
| R/Ricinus rubeculae (Schrank, 1776) | 1/10 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 0/6 | – | – | – | 0/3 | – | – | – |
| Family Passeridae | ||||||||||||
| Passer domesticus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) | ||||||||||||
| C/Ceratophyllus (Ceratophyllus) gallinae (Schrank, 1803) | 2/16 | 0 | 2 | – | 1/1 | 0 | 1 | – | 0/2 | – | – | – |
| H/Ornithomya avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758) | 1/16 | 0 | 1 | – | 0/1 | – | – | – | 0/2 | – | – | – |
| Family Regulidae | ||||||||||||
| Regulus regulus azoricus Seebohm, 1883 | ||||||||||||
| P/Philopterus gustafssoni Najer et al., 2020 | 5/5 | 12 | 7 | 38 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Regulus regulus sanctaemariae Vaurie, 1954 | ||||||||||||
| P/Philopterus gustafssoni Najer et al., 2020 | – | – | – | – | 1/10 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
| Family Sylviidae | ||||||||||||
| Sylvia atricapilla gularis Alexander, 1898 | ||||||||||||
| C/Dasypsyllus gallinulae (Dale, 1878)** | 4/17 | 7 | 0 | – | 0/24 | – | – | – | 0/5 | – | – | – |
| M/Myrsidea sylviae Sychra & Literak, 2008 | 112/17 | 13 | 7 | 21 | 112/24 | 6 | 4 | 13 | 22/5 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| P/Guimaraesiella tovornikae (Balát, 1981) | 122/17 | 39 | 63 | 65 | 52/24 | 12 | 10 | 16 | 32/5 | 5 | 3 | 6 |
| Family Turdidae | ||||||||||||
| Turdus merula azorensis Hartert, 1905 | ||||||||||||
| C/Ceratophyllus (Ceratophyllus) sp.*** | 0/11 | – | – | – | 1/18 | 1 | 0 | – | 0/4 | – | – | – |
| C/Dasypsyllus gallinulae (Dale, 1878)** | 2/11 | 1 | 1 | – | 0/18 | – | – | – | 0/4 | – | – | – |
| H/Ornithomya avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758)** | 1/11 | 0 | 1 | – | 0/18 | – | – | – | 0/4 | – | – | – |
| H/Ornithoica turdi (Olivier in Latreille, 1811)** | 1/11 | 0 | 1 | – | 9/18 | 3 | 15 | 3FM | 4/4 | 0 | 5 | 1FM |
| M/Menacanthus eurysternus (Burmeister, 1838)** | 23/11 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1/18 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3/4 | 7 | 7 | 11 |
| P/Guimaraesiella amsel (Eichler, 1951)** | 8/11 | 29 | 89 | 77 | 1/18 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 11/4 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| P/Philopterus turdi (Denny, 1842)** | 11/11 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0/18 | – | – | – | 0/4 | – | – | – |
| P/Sturnidoecus sp.*** | 0/11 | – | – | – | 44/18 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0/4 | – | – | – |
| P/Turdinirmus merulensis (Denny, 1842)** | 0/11 | – | – | – | 84/18 | 4 | 21 | 2 | 0/4 | – | – | – |
| Siphonaptera total | 12/107 | 8 | 7 | – | 2/84 | 1 | 1 | – | 2/75 | 1 | 1 | – |
| Hippoboscidae total | 3/107 | 0 | 3 | – | 11/84 | 4 | 16 | 3FM | 15/75 | 3 | 16 | 1FM |
| Phthiraptera total | 32/107 | 116 | 211 | 226 | 25/84 | 25 | 41 | 31 | 37/75 | 188 | 259 | 1486* |
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