Systematic review on infection and disease caused by Thelazia callipaeda in Europe: 2001–2020

Open Access

Review

Table 1

Features of the studies included in the qualitative analysis regarding T. callipaeda infection in companion animals in Europe.

References		Sample		Clinical aspects
Country	Authors/year	Species	No. of affected animals	Affected eye	Ocular signs
Austria	Hodžić et al. [29]	Cat	1	Right	Conjunctival edema
					Conjunctival hyperemia
					Serous discharge
Belgium	Caron et al. [9]	Dog^a	2	Left	Conjunctivitis
					Follicular hyperplasia of the 3rd eyelid
					Purulent discharge
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Hodžić et al. [28]	Cat	1	Left	Conjunctival hyperemia
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Hodžić et al. [28]	Dog	4	Unilateral or both	Conjunctivitis
Bulgaria	Colella et al. [10]	Dog	9	NA	Conjunctivitis
Bulgaria	Colella et al. [10]	Dog	9	NA	Epiphora
Croatia	Hodžić et al. [28]	Dog	2	NA	Conjunctival hyperemia
Croatia	Hodžić et al. [28]	Dog	2	NA	Conjunctivitis
Czech Republic	Jirků et al. [34]	Dog	1	Right	Purulent discharge
France	Dorchies et al. [14]	Cat	1	Left	Chemosis
					Conjunctivitis
					Wound on the 3rd eyelid
		Dog	4	NA	Conjunctivitis
France^b	Ruytoor et al. [66]	Cat	2	NA	NA
France^b	Ruytoor et al. [66]	Dog	115	NA	NA
Germany	Hermosilla et al. [27]	Dog^c	1	Right	Conjunctivitis
Germany	Hermosilla et al. [27]	Dog^c	1	Right	Purulent discharge
Germany	Schottstedt [68]	Dog	1	Right	Blepharospasm
					Conjunctivitis
					Keratitis
					Purulent discharge
Germany	Magnis et al. [38]	Dog	1	Right	Blepharospasm
					Epiphora
					Lacrimation
Germany	Silva et al. [71]	Cat^d	1	NA	Epiphora
		Cat^d	1	NA	Mucoid discharge
		Dog^e	2	Right	Conjunctival hyperemia
					Epiphora
					Follicular conjunctivitis
					Mucoid or mucopurulent discharge
Greece	Diakou et al. [12]	Dog	1	Both	Conjunctival edema
					Conjunctivitis
					Epiphora
					Keratitis
					Mucoid discharge
Greece	Papadopoulos et al. [60]	Cat	3	NA	Conjunctivitis
		Dog	46	NA	Anterior uveitis
					Blepharitis
					Conjunctivitis
					Corneal abrasions
					Indolent corneal ulcer
					Mucoid or mucopurulent discharge
		Rabbit^f	1	NA	Conjunctivitis
		Rabbit^f	1	NA	Mucoid discharge
Hungary	Colella et al. [10]	Dog	1	NA	Conjunctivitis
Hungary	Colella et al. [10]	Dog	1	NA	Epiphora
Hungary	Farkas et al. [18]	Cat	1	Right	Conjunctival hyperemia
					Conjunctivitis
					Purulent discharge
		Dog	10	Both (6)	Conjunctival hyperemia
				Left (2)	Conjunctivitis
				Right (2)	Purulent discharge
Moldova	Dumitrache et al. [16]	Dog	1	Right	Conjunctivitis
					Epiphora
					Periocular alopecia
					Periocular erosions
Portugal	Pimenta et al. [63]	Dog	1	Left	Blepharospasm
Portugal	Pimenta et al. [63]	Dog	1	Left	Epiphora
Portugal	Rodrigues et al. [64]	Cat	1	Left	Conjunctival edema
					Conjunctivitis
					Infra-orbital abscess
Portugal	Vieira et al. [76]	Dog	9	NA	Conjunctivitis
					Ocular discharge
					Ocular pruritus
Portugal	Soares et al. [72]	Cat	1	Right	Blepharospasm
					Conjunctival edema
					Photophobia
					Purulent discharge
Romania	Mihalca et al. [43]	Dog	1	Right	Conjunctivitis
					Epiphora
					Proliferative lesions inferior conjunctival sac
Romania	Ioniţă et al. [33]	Dog	2	Right	Conjunctivitis
					Epiphora
					Mild lesions inferior conjunctival sac
Romania	Tudor et al. [74]	Dog	2	Right	Conjunctivitis
				Right	Mucopurulent discharge
				Both	Blepharospasm
Romania	Dumitrache et al. [15]	Cat	1	Left	Blepharospasm
					Conjunctival edema
					Mucopurulent discharge
					Periocular alopecia
					Periocular erosions
					Photophobia
		Dog	5	Both (2)	Blepharitis
				Right (1)	Conjunctivitis
				Left (2)	Epiphora
Serbia	Gajić et al. [21]	Cat	2	Left	Conjunctival edema
		Cat	2	Left	Conjunctival hyperemia
		Dog	4	Both (2)	Conjunctivitis
		Dog	4	Left (2)	Ocular discharge
Serbia	Tasić-Otašević et al. [73]	Dog	2	Unilateral	Chemosis
Serbia	Tasić-Otašević et al. [73]	Dog	2	Unilateral	Conjunctival hyperemia
Slovakia	Čabanová et al. [8]	Dog	4	Both (1)	Conjunctivitis
				Left (1)	Epiphora
				Right (2)	Epiphora
Spain	Marino et al. [42]	Dog	1001^g	NA	Chemosis
					Conjunctivitis
					Corneal ulceration
					Follicular conjunctivitis
					Follicular hyperplasia of the 3rd eyelid Purulent discharge
Switzerland	Malacrida et al. [40]	Cat	5	NA	Conjunctivitis
		Cat	5	NA	Epiphora
		Dog	106^h	NA	Conjunctivitis
					Epiphora
					Keratitis
Turkey	Eser et al. [17]	Dog	1	Left	Conjunctivitis
Turkey	Eser et al. [17]	Dog	1	Left	Purulent discharge
United Kingdom	Graham-Brown et al. [24]	Dogⁱ	3	Both (1)	Conjunctival hyperemia
				Left (1)	Conjunctivitis
				Left (1)	Corneal ulceration
				Right (1)	Increased blink rate
				Right (1)	Serous discharge
United Kingdom	Hammond [26]	Dog^j	1	Right	Conjunctivitis

NA: Not available

The infections had been acquired in south western France and southern Italy.

Most cases (104/117) were diagnosed in the Dordogne department. Furthermore, most of the infected animals in the other regions had spent time in Dordogne a few months before clinical signs developed.

The dog had visited several parts of Italy for a few weeks before clinical signs developed.

The cat was imported from Southern Spain to West Germany (Freinshein).

One dog was imported from Kenya and the other was in close contact with several dogs from different countries at racing events, which took place in the Netherlands and Austria.

Oryctolagus cuniculus.

n = 11 autochthonous cases of dogs in 6 municipalities of Andorra.

Out of 95 Thelazia-positive dogs with known data about travel history, 40 had previously been to Italy (one year before diagnosis).

ⁱ

One dog had been imported to the UK from Hateg, Hunedoara county (western Romania) 6 weeks previously. The other dog had returned from travel to the Lombardy region (northern Italy). The third dog had spent 1 month at the Saint Avit Loisirs campsite, Dordogne department (France).

The dog presented unilateral conjunctivitis 1 month after returning from a 2-week stay in the Dordogne department (France).

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