Systematic review on infection and disease caused by Thelazia callipaeda in Europe: 2001–2020

Beatriz do Vale; Ana Patrícia Lopes; Maria da Conceição Fontes; Mário Silvestre; Luís Cardoso; Ana Cláudia Coelho

doi:10.1051/parasite/2020048

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Volume 27 (2020)

Parasite, 27 (2020) 52

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Review Article

Table 1

Features of the studies included in the qualitative analysis regarding T. callipaeda infection in companion animals in Europe.

References		Sample		Clinical aspects
Country	Authors/year	Species	No. of affected animals	Affected eye	Ocular signs
Austria	Hodžić et al. [29]	Cat	1	Right	Conjunctival edema
					Conjunctival hyperemia
					Serous discharge
Belgium	Caron et al. [9]	Dog^a	2	Left	Conjunctivitis
					Follicular hyperplasia of the 3rd eyelid
					Purulent discharge
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Hodžić et al. [28]	Cat	1	Left	Conjunctival hyperemia
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Hodžić et al. [28]	Dog	4	Unilateral or both	Conjunctivitis
Bulgaria	Colella et al. [10]	Dog	9	NA	Conjunctivitis
Bulgaria	Colella et al. [10]	Dog	9	NA	Epiphora
Croatia	Hodžić et al. [28]	Dog	2	NA	Conjunctival hyperemia
Croatia	Hodžić et al. [28]	Dog	2	NA	Conjunctivitis
Czech Republic	Jirků et al. [34]	Dog	1	Right	Purulent discharge
France	Dorchies et al. [14]	Cat	1	Left	Chemosis
					Conjunctivitis
					Wound on the 3rd eyelid
		Dog	4	NA	Conjunctivitis
France^b	Ruytoor et al. [66]	Cat	2	NA	NA
France^b	Ruytoor et al. [66]	Dog	115	NA	NA
Germany	Hermosilla et al. [27]	Dog^c	1	Right	Conjunctivitis
Germany	Hermosilla et al. [27]	Dog^c	1	Right	Purulent discharge
Germany	Schottstedt [68]	Dog	1	Right	Blepharospasm
					Conjunctivitis
					Keratitis
					Purulent discharge
Germany	Magnis et al. [38]	Dog	1	Right	Blepharospasm
					Epiphora
					Lacrimation
Germany	Silva et al. [71]	Cat^d	1	NA	Epiphora
		Cat^d	1	NA	Mucoid discharge
		Dog^e	2	Right	Conjunctival hyperemia
					Epiphora
					Follicular conjunctivitis
					Mucoid or mucopurulent discharge
Greece	Diakou et al. [12]	Dog	1	Both	Conjunctival edema
					Conjunctivitis
					Epiphora
					Keratitis
					Mucoid discharge
Greece	Papadopoulos et al. [60]	Cat	3	NA	Conjunctivitis
		Dog	46	NA	Anterior uveitis
					Blepharitis
					Conjunctivitis
					Corneal abrasions
					Indolent corneal ulcer
					Mucoid or mucopurulent discharge
		Rabbit^f	1	NA	Conjunctivitis
		Rabbit^f	1	NA	Mucoid discharge
Hungary	Colella et al. [10]	Dog	1	NA	Conjunctivitis
Hungary	Colella et al. [10]	Dog	1	NA	Epiphora
Hungary	Farkas et al. [18]	Cat	1	Right	Conjunctival hyperemia
					Conjunctivitis
					Purulent discharge
		Dog	10	Both (6)	Conjunctival hyperemia
				Left (2)	Conjunctivitis
				Right (2)	Purulent discharge
Moldova	Dumitrache et al. [16]	Dog	1	Right	Conjunctivitis
					Epiphora
					Periocular alopecia
					Periocular erosions
Portugal	Pimenta et al. [63]	Dog	1	Left	Blepharospasm
Portugal	Pimenta et al. [63]	Dog	1	Left	Epiphora
Portugal	Rodrigues et al. [64]	Cat	1	Left	Conjunctival edema
					Conjunctivitis
					Infra-orbital abscess
Portugal	Vieira et al. [76]	Dog	9	NA	Conjunctivitis
					Ocular discharge
					Ocular pruritus
Portugal	Soares et al. [72]	Cat	1	Right	Blepharospasm
					Conjunctival edema
					Photophobia
					Purulent discharge
Romania	Mihalca et al. [43]	Dog	1	Right	Conjunctivitis
					Epiphora
					Proliferative lesions inferior conjunctival sac
Romania	Ioniţă et al. [33]	Dog	2	Right	Conjunctivitis
					Epiphora
					Mild lesions inferior conjunctival sac
Romania	Tudor et al. [74]	Dog	2	Right	Conjunctivitis
				Right	Mucopurulent discharge
				Both	Blepharospasm
Romania	Dumitrache et al. [15]	Cat	1	Left	Blepharospasm
					Conjunctival edema
					Mucopurulent discharge
					Periocular alopecia
					Periocular erosions
					Photophobia
		Dog	5	Both (2)	Blepharitis
				Right (1)	Conjunctivitis
				Left (2)	Epiphora
Serbia	Gajić et al. [21]	Cat	2	Left	Conjunctival edema
		Cat	2	Left	Conjunctival hyperemia
		Dog	4	Both (2)	Conjunctivitis
		Dog	4	Left (2)	Ocular discharge
Serbia	Tasić-Otašević et al. [73]	Dog	2	Unilateral	Chemosis
Serbia	Tasić-Otašević et al. [73]	Dog	2	Unilateral	Conjunctival hyperemia
Slovakia	Čabanová et al. [8]	Dog	4	Both (1)	Conjunctivitis
				Left (1)	Epiphora
				Right (2)	Epiphora
Spain	Marino et al. [42]	Dog	1001^g	NA	Chemosis
					Conjunctivitis
					Corneal ulceration
					Follicular conjunctivitis
					Follicular hyperplasia of the 3rd eyelid Purulent discharge
Switzerland	Malacrida et al. [40]	Cat	5	NA	Conjunctivitis
		Cat	5	NA	Epiphora
		Dog	106^h	NA	Conjunctivitis
					Epiphora
					Keratitis
Turkey	Eser et al. [17]	Dog	1	Left	Conjunctivitis
Turkey	Eser et al. [17]	Dog	1	Left	Purulent discharge
United Kingdom	Graham-Brown et al. [24]	Dogⁱ	3	Both (1)	Conjunctival hyperemia
				Left (1)	Conjunctivitis
				Left (1)	Corneal ulceration
				Right (1)	Increased blink rate
				Right (1)	Serous discharge
United Kingdom	Hammond [26]	Dog^j	1	Right	Conjunctivitis

NA: Not available

^a

The infections had been acquired in south western France and southern Italy.

^b

Most cases (104/117) were diagnosed in the Dordogne department. Furthermore, most of the infected animals in the other regions had spent time in Dordogne a few months before clinical signs developed.

^c

The dog had visited several parts of Italy for a few weeks before clinical signs developed.

^d

The cat was imported from Southern Spain to West Germany (Freinshein).

^e

One dog was imported from Kenya and the other was in close contact with several dogs from different countries at racing events, which took place in the Netherlands and Austria.

^f

Oryctolagus cuniculus.

^g

n = 11 autochthonous cases of dogs in 6 municipalities of Andorra.

^h

Out of 95 Thelazia-positive dogs with known data about travel history, 40 had previously been to Italy (one year before diagnosis).

ⁱ

One dog had been imported to the UK from Hateg, Hunedoara county (western Romania) 6 weeks previously. The other dog had returned from travel to the Lombardy region (northern Italy). The third dog had spent 1 month at the Saint Avit Loisirs campsite, Dordogne department (France).

^j

The dog presented unilateral conjunctivitis 1 month after returning from a 2-week stay in the Dordogne department (France).

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