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Table 4
Selected flavonoids and terpenoids (whose presence has been reported in plants of the Asteraceae family) with antiparasitic activity
| Flavonoids | Organism tested | Concentration/dose IC50 | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Four polyoxygenated flavonoids | Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense | C1: 16 μM, C2: 18 μM, C3: 21 μM and C4: 11 μM | [97] |
| 5,6,7,8,5-Pentamethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxy flavone | Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense; | Tb: 6.67 μg/mL | [98] |
| Trypanosoma cruzi; | Tc- > 30 μg/mL | ||
| Leishmania donovani and | Ld: > 30 μg/mL | ||
| Plasmodium falciparum | Pf: 4.57 μg/mL | ||
| 5,6,7,5-Tetramethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxyflavone | Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense; | Tb: 7.29 μg/mL | [98] |
| Trypanosoma cruzi; | Tc: 19.5 μg/mL | ||
| Leishmania donovani and | Ld: > 30 μg/mL | ||
| Plasmodium falciparum | Pf: 4.26 μg/mL | ||
| 5,6,7,8,3,4,5-Hepta-methoxyflavone | Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense; | Tb: 4.76 μg/mL | [98] |
| Trypanosoma cruzi; | Tc; 26.4 μg/mL | ||
| Leishmania donovani and | Ld: 5.29 μg/mL | ||
| Plasmodium falciparum | Pf: > 5 μg/mL | ||
| 5,6,7,3,4,5-Hexamethoxyflavone | Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense; | Tb: 8.58 μg/mL | [98] |
| Trypanosoma cruzi; | Tc: > 30 μg/mL | ||
| Leishmania donovani and | Ld: 8.61 μg/mL | ||
| Plasmodium falciparum | Pf: 2.99 μg/mL | ||
| 4-Hydroxy-5,6,7,3,5-pentamethoxyflavone (ageconyflavone C) | Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense; | Tb: 3.01 μg/mL | [98] |
| Trypanosoma cruzi; | Tc: > 30 μg/mL | ||
| Leishmania donovani and | Ld: 3.56 μg/mL | ||
| Plasmodium falciparum | Pf: 3.59 μg/mL | ||
| 3, 5, 7, 3’-Tetrahydroxy-4’-methoxyflavone | Plasmodium falciparum | – | [23] |
| Bractein | Leishmania donovani | – | [54] |
| Kaempferol | Giardia lamblia | 26.47 μg/mL | [17] |
| Quercetin | Giardia lamblia | 8.73 μg/mL | [17] |
| (−)-Epicatechin | Giardia lamblia | 1.64 μg/mL | [17] |
| (−)-Epigallocatechin | Giardia lamblia | 8.06 μg/mL | [17] |
| Quercetin | Haemonchus contortus | 250 μg/mL as highest concentration | [57] |
| Luteolin | Haemonchus contortus | 250 μg/mL as highest concentration | [57] |
| Leishmania donovani | 0.8 μg/mL | [148] | |
| Quercetin | Leishmania donovani | 1 μg/mL | [148] |
| Fisetin | Leishmania donovani | 0.6 μg/mL | [148] |
| 3-Hydroxyflavone | Leishmania donovani | 0.7 μg/mL | [148] |
| Luteolin | Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and 7G8 | 3D7: 11 μg/mL | [66] |
| 7G8: 12 μg/mL | |||
| Terpenoids | |||
| Vernodalin | Plasmodium falciparum | 4 μg/mL | [100] |
| Vernodalol | Plasmodium falciparum | 4.2 μg/mL | [100] |
| Vernolide | Plasmodium falciparum | 8.4 μg/mL | [100] |
| Hydroxyvernolide | Plasmodium falciparum | 11.4 μg/mL | [100] |
| 16,17- Dihydrobrachycalyxolide | Plasmodium falciparum (K39, 3D7, V1/S and Dd2) | K39: 4.2 μg/mL | [101] |
| 3D7: 13.7 μg/mL | |||
| V1/S: 3 μg/mL | |||
| Dd2: 16 μg/mL | |||
| Tagitinin C | Plasmodium falciparum | 0.75 μg/mL | [38] |
| 15-Acetoxy-8 β-[(2-methylbutyryloxy)]-14-oxo-4, 5-cis-acanthospermolide) | Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 | 2.9 μg/mL | [34] |
| 9 α-Acetoxy-15-hydroxy- 8 β-(2-methylbutyryloxy)-14-oxo- 4,5-Trans-acanthospermolide | Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 | 2.23 μg/mL | [34] |
| 3 β-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (oleanolic acid) | Leishmania amazonensis | La: > 100 μg/mL | [116,162], [161] |
| Leishmania braziliensis | – | ||
| 3 β-Hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (ursolic acid) | Leishmania infantum | Li: 7.4 μM | [89] |
| Trypanosoma brucei | Tb: 2.2 μM | ||
| Trypanosoma cruzi | Tc: 8.8 μM | ||
| Plasmodium falciparum | Pf: 29.7 μM | ||
| Indicusalactone | Plasmodium falciparum | 2.8 μg/mL | [132] |
| (−)-Oxyfrullanolide | Plasmodium falciparum | 3.8 μg/mL | [132] |
| 7-Hydroxyfrullanolide, | Plasmodium falciparum | 2.5 μg/mL | [132] |
| Squalene | Plasmodium falciparum | 2.3 μg/mL | [132] |
| 3,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester | Plasmodium falciparum | 2.4 μg/mL | [132] |
| (3s)-16,17-Didehydrofalcarinol | Leishmania mexicana | 0.48 μM | [76] |
| Ursolic acid | Leishmania amazonensis | 6.4 μg/mL | [162] |
| Leishmania infantum | In vivo 1.0 mg/kg body weight (mice) | [49] | |
| Urs-12-ene-3 β,16 β-diol | Plasmodium falciparum | Pf: 9.7 μM | [89] |
| Leishmania infantum | Li: 9.3 μM | ||
| Trypanosoma cruzi | Tc: 9.9 μM | ||
| Trypanosoma brucei | Tb: 2.3 μM | ||
| 3 β,11α-Dihydroxyurs-12-ene | Plasmodium falciparum | Pf: 23.9 μM | [89] |
| Leishmania infantum | Li: 3.2 μM | ||
| Trypanosoma cruzi | Tc: 8.1 μM | ||
| Trypanosoma brucei | Tb: 7.8 μM | ||
| Betulinic acid | Caenorhabditis elegans | 100 μg/mL | [22] |
| Plasmodium falciparum W2 | 2.33 μg/mL | [91] | |
| β-Sitosterol | Trypanosoma brucei brucei S427 | 12.5 μg/mL | [99] |
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