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All issues Volume 22 (2015) Parasite, 22 (2015) 3 Full HTML
Open Access
Issue
Parasite
Volume 22, 2015
Article Number 3
Number of page(s) 4
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2015004
Published online 06 February 2015

© M.R. Rjeibi et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2015

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction

Trypanosoma evansi is the most widely distributed pathogenic salivarian trypanosome in animals, it causes a significant disease called surra. Main vectors worldwide are tabanids and Stomoxys spp.; oral transmission has been reported in a very wide range of domestic and wild hosts. Since 2008, notification of surra became compulsory not only in horses, because it is now considered a multi-species disease by the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) [13, 15]. This parasite is widely distributed; it is present in North Africa, in the Middle East, Turkey, India, up to 53° North in Russia, across all South-East Asia, down to Indonesia and the Philippines. This parasite was introduced into Latin America by the conquistadores [5]. Trypanosoma evansi has been reported in the Canary Islands (Spain) where it has been regularly observed since 1995 [8], and the Spanish mainland (Alicante Province) in a mixed camel and horse farms [16]. In France, a single outbreak occurred in camels imported from the Canary Islands [4]. In Africa, T. evansi is mainly a parasite of camels, which represents both the main host and reservoir. T. evansi can infect cattle (Bos taurus) [6], pigs (Sus scrofa), domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus) [5]. It is considered as non-pathogenic for African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) [14] and is occasionally reported in horses, dogs and cats [5, 18]. Since 2005, surra has been considered as zoonotic, after the discovery of human clinical cases in India and Egypt [9, 10]. In this paper, we report the first case of surra in North Africa in a Tunisian dog.

Materials and methods

Case report

A two-year-old female Pit-bull dog, living in a tourist leisure centre with 25 dromedaries in the region of Sousse (Central Tunisia) presented a history of chronic ocular symptoms, hyporexia and emaciation. Leishmaniasis was suspected and both lymph node and blood smears were Giemsa stained and examined under a microscope at ×1000 magnification with immersion oil.

Genetic analyses

The DNA was extracted from the blood sample using a Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega, Madison, USA). Trypanosoma evansi PCR was performed with a set of primers that amplifies a 480 bp region of T. evansi ITS1 rDNA gene [12]. The forward primer was ITS1 CF (5′-CCGGAAGTTCACCGATATTG-3′) and the reverse primer was ITS1 BR (5′-TGCTGCGTTCTTCAACGAA-3′). The PCR mixture consisted of 2.5 μL of 10× PCR buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl; pH 8.5; 50 mM NaCl), 2 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM of each dNTP, 0.2 μM of each primer, 0.5 U Taq Polymerase (Vivantis, Chino, California), 3 μL of DNA template and distilled water to a total volume of 25 μL. The DNA was amplified using the following programme: 5 min denaturation at 94 °C, followed by 35 cycles (94 °C for 40 s, 58 °C for 40 s and 72 °C for 90 s) and a final extension at 72 °C for 5 min. The PCR product was purified with the Wizard SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System (Promega, Madison, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The fragment was sequenced in both directions, using the same primers as for PCR. A conventional BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and an ABI3730XL automated DNA sequencer were used. The chromatograms were evaluated with ChromasPro software (version 1.7.4). The MEGA 5.1 software program was used to perform multiple sequence alignments [17]. The sequences were compared with the GenBank database by nucleotide sequence homology. Searches were made at the network server of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using BLAST.

Results

The clinical examination showed significant muscular emaciation and bilateral keratitis with corneal opacity and impaired eyesight (Fig. 1). The lymph nodes were not enlarged but, due to the high prevalence of canine leishmaniasis [2] and babesiosis [11] in Tunisia, a blood smear and a lymph node biopsy were performed, they were negative for Babesia spp. and Leishmania infantum but showed high population of Trypanosoma spp. (Fig. 2). The dog presented hypoglycaemia (0.76 g/L), uraemia (0.9 g/L), hyperproteinaemia (84 g/L) and normocytic (71.7 fl) normochromic (31.6 g/dL) regenerative anaemia (6.8 g/dL) with severe thrombocytopenia (5 × 103/μL) (Table 1).

thumbnail Figure 1.

Bilateral purulent blue keratitis in a dog with surra.
thumbnail Figure 2.

Trypanosoma evansi, dog, Giemsa-stained blood smear.
Table 1.

Results of biochemical and haematological analyses of the dog infected with Trypanosoma evansi.

The dog was treated with intramuscular diminazene aceturate at the conventional dose of 5 mg/kg but died 2 weeks later. The necropsy revealed cachexia, severe anaemia, subcutaneous oedema, acute interstitial hepatitis and nephritis. The dog also presented congestive inconspicuous generalized adenitis, gastroenteritis with congestive colitis, bilateral mucopurulent conjunctivitis and significant splenomegaly with hyperplasia of the red pulp.

A novel T. evansi ITS1 rDNA genotype named TETND01 (GenBank Accession Number KJ741365) was identified in this study.

The BLAST comparison of the partial sequences of the ITS1 rDNA gene revealed 99.8% homology between our isolate (KJ741365) and isolates from cattle (AY912277) in Thailand, 99.5% homology with isolates from dromedaries (AB551922) from Egypt and from Thai deer (AY912279), 99.1% homology with isolates from Thai buffalo (AY912270) and from Chinese mules (FJ712712).

Discussion

Trypanosomiasis is a common protozoan infection in camels in Tunisia; its seroprevalence was estimated to be 18% by Gallo et al. in 1989 [7]. Trypanosoma evansi is reported in North Africa, Southern Europe, Latin America and Asia [13]. It is commonly pathogenic in camels, horses, cattle and occasionally in humans [9, 10] and dogs [5]. In humans, innate immunity against T. evansi could depend on a plasmatic trypanolytic factor, namely apolipoprotein L-1. Indeed, a deficit in both apolipoprotein L-1 alleles has been discovered in an Indian patient infected by T. evansi [19]. T. evansi in dogs is not frequent; two cases have been reported: one in Germany [3] and another in Afghanistan [1]. Lethargy, weight loss and ocular lesions seem to be constant symptoms in canine surra [1, 3]. Unlike Aref et al. in 2013 [1], we observe neither diarrhoea nor cardiac disease in the present case. Moreover, Aref et al. did not report any haematological changes since they found normal cell packed volumes and total white cell values. The contamination could occur either orally (by ingestion of aborted placenta or foetuses eliminated by infected females) or by several haematophagous vector species.

Veterinarians in non-endemic regions such as Europe should consider this disease in dogs with a history of living in endemic countries such as Tunisia and presenting weight loss and ocular involvement. The differential diagnosis should be established with canine leishmaniasis (including atypical forms with no obvious lymph node enlargement) and babesiosis. Further studies are needed to estimate the prevalence of different T. evansi infection forms (carrier or clinical forms) in Tunisian dogs.

Acknowledgments

The study was supported financially by the “Laboratoire d’épidémiologie des infections enzootiques des herbivores en Tunisie” (Ministère de l’enseignement supérieur, de la recherche scientifique, de la technologie et de la communication, Tunisia). The authors thank Dr Moez Mhadhbi, Mr Bechir Guesmi and Mr Mohamed Jedidi for their support.

References

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Cite this article as: Rjeibi MR, Ben Hamida T, Dalgatova Z, Mahjoub T, Rejeb A, Dridi W & Gharbi M: First report of surra (Trypanosoma evansi infection) in a Tunisian dog. Parasite, 2015, 22, 3.

All Tables

Table 1.

Results of biochemical and haematological analyses of the dog infected with Trypanosoma evansi.

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Figure 1.

Bilateral purulent blue keratitis in a dog with surra.
In the text
thumbnail Figure 2.

Trypanosoma evansi, dog, Giemsa-stained blood smear.
In the text

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