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Table 3.
Summary of non-surgical, non-ERCP techniques for the treatment of cysto-biliary fistula in hepatic CE.
| Technique | Number and type of cyst/lesion | Drainage (days) | Follow-up (months) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percutaneous transhepatic endobiliary drainage | 1 Gharbi type IV ruptured and obstructing bile tract | 7 | 30 | [41, 73*] |
| Radiofrequency thermal ablation | 1 post-surgical cavity with cutaneous and biliary fistulae | N/A§ | 9 | [81] |
| N-Butyl 2-Cyanoacrylate embolization | 1 post-catheterization cavity with persistent biliary drainage | N/A§ | 3 | [21] |
| Percutaneous alcohol sclerotherapy after balloon occlusion of fistula | 1 cyst (stage not reported) ruptured and obstructing the bile tract, treated with catheterization | 24 | 0 | [86] |
*
Full paper or abstract not available; data refer to reference [41].
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