Open Access
Review
Table 1.
Echinococcus multilocularis infections in wild hosts in North America. Strains and haplotype as described in Nakao et al. [62].
| Reference | Location | Definitive host |
Intermediate host |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species (prevalence; n) | Method | Strain | Haplotype | Species (prevalence; n) | Strain | Haplotype | ||
| Chalmers and Barrett 1974 [14] | Lethbridge, AB, Canada | Peromyscus maniculatus (n/a) | ||||||
| Catalano et al. 2012 [13] | Calgary, AB, Canada | Canis latrans (20.5%; 83) | Intestine | n/a | ||||
| Liccioli et al. 2012, 2013 [55, 56] | Calgary, AB, Canada | Canis latrans (29.5%; 61) | Intestine | |||||
| Canis latrans (21.4%; 385) | Feces | Peromyscus maniculatus (0.7%; 305) | ||||||
| Microtus pennsylvanicus (0.7%; 267) | ||||||||
| Mus musculus (0%; 2) | ||||||||
| Myodes gapperi (1.4%; 71) | ||||||||
| Sorex sp. (0%; 296) | ||||||||
| Zapus princeps (0%; 32) | ||||||||
| Spermophilus tridecemlineatus (0%; 6) | ||||||||
| Tamias minimus (0%; 4) | ||||||||
| Thomomys talpoides (0%; 3) | ||||||||
| Holmes et al. 1971 [35] | Edmonton, AB, Canada | Peromyscus maniculatus (27.7%; 216) | ||||||
| Myodes gapperi (0%; 122) | ||||||||
| Microtus pennsylvanicus (0%; 1) | ||||||||
| Catalano et al. 2012 [13] | Edmonton, AB, Canada | Canis latrans (62.5%; 8) | Intestine | n/a | ||||
| Gesy et al. 2014 [28] | Edmonton, AB, Canada | Canis latrans (n/a) | Intestine | E, F | ||||
| Gesy et al. 2013 [27] | Quesnel, BC, Canada | Canis latrans (37%; 27) | Intestine | E | Peromyscus maniculatus (0%; 72) | |||
| Vulpes vulpes (17%; 6) | Intestine | E | Microtus pennsylvanicus (0%; 59) | E | ||||
| Gesy et al. 2014 [28] | 100 Mile House, BC, Canada | Microtus pennsylvanicus (0%; 59) | ||||||
| Zapus hudsonius (0%; 16) | ||||||||
| Sorex spp. (0%; 7) | ||||||||
| Gesy et al. 2014 [28] | Quesnel, BC, Canada | Canis latrans (37%; 27) | Intestine | D, E, L, M | ||||
| Vulpes vulpes (17%; 6) | Intestine | |||||||
| Gesy et al. 2014 [28] | Sathu, NT, Canada | Canis lupus (8%; 73) | Intestine | A, G, H | ||||
| Gesy et al. 2014 [28] | SK, Canada | Canis lupus (24%; 17) | Intestine | A, I | Peromyscus maniculatus (5%; 783) | A, I, J, K | ||
| Gesy et al. 2014 [28] | Riding Mtn, MB, Canada | Canis lupus (67%; 3) | Intestine | A, E | ||||
| Gesy et al. 2014 [28] | Karrak Lake, NU, Canada | Vulpes lagopus (4.8%; 354) | Feces | Myodes rutilus (0%; 8) | ||||
| Lemmus trimucronatus (0%; 37) | ||||||||
| Dicrostonyx groenlandicus (0%; 72) | ||||||||
| Gesy et al. 2014 [28] | Bylot Island, NU, Canada | Vulpes lagopus (22%; 50) | Feces | A, E, N, O, P, Q | ||||
| Schurer et al. 2014 [80] | NT, Canada | Canis lupus (8.2%; 73) | Intestine | E | ||||
| Schurer et al. 2014 [80] | SK, Canada | Canis lupus (23.5%; 17) | Intestine | E | ||||
| Schurer et al. 2014 [80] | MB, Canada | Canis lupus (67%; 3) | Intestine | E | ||||
| Rausch et al. 1990 [70] | AK, USA | Vulpes lagopus (80%; 1579) | Intestine | |||||
| Kirk 2011 [44] | AK, USA | Vulpes lagopus (27%; 26) | Intestine | A2, A4 | ||||
| Holt et al. 2005 [37] | Barrow, AK, USA | Lemmus trimucronatus (0.9%; 467) | ||||||
| Dicrostonyx rubricatus (0%; 17) | ||||||||
| Nakao et al. 2009 [62] | AK, USA | voles (n/a; 11) | N1 | |||||
| Nakao et al. 2009 [62] | Indiana, USA | Vulpes vulpes (n/a) | Intestine | N2 | ||||
| Storandt et al. 2002 [85] | NE, USA | Vulpes vulpes (37.5%; 72) | Intestine | |||||
| Canis latrans (0%; 31) | Intestine | |||||||
| Storandt et al. 2002 [85] | KS, USA | Vulpes vulpes (0%; 22) | Intestine | |||||
| Canis latrans (0%; 89) | Intestine | |||||||
| Kritsky et al. 1977 [51] | WY, USA | Intestine | Neotoma cinerea rupicola | |||||
| Storandt et al. 2002 [85] | WY, USA | Vulpes vulpes (0%; 31) | Intestine | |||||
| Storandt and Kazacos 1993 [83] | IN, USA | Vulpes vulpes (22%; 71) | Intestine | |||||
| Canis latrans (18.6%; 70) | Intestine | |||||||
| Storandt and Kazacos 1993 [83] | IL, USA | Canis latrans (35%; 17) | Intestine | |||||
| Storandt and Kazacos 2012 [84] | MI, USA | Vulpes vulpes (4.1%; 97) | Intestine | |||||
| Ballard 1984 [2] | WI, USA | Vulpes vulpes (8.3%; 72) | Intestine | |||||
| Urocyon cinereoargenteus (0%; 31) | ||||||||
| Carney and Leiby 1968 [12] | MN, USA | Vulpes vulpes | Intestine | Peromyscus maniculatus | ||||
| Leiby et al. 1970, 1972 [53, 54] | MN, USA | Vulpes vulpes (5%; 277) | Intestine | Peromyscus maniculatus (1.9%; 53) | ||||
| Microtus pennsylvanicus (0%; 326) | ||||||||
| Mus musculus (0%; 24) | ||||||||
| Ballard and Vande Vusse 1983 [3] | NE, IL, USA | Vulpes vulpes (NE: 27%, 36; IL: 10%, 40) | Intestine | |||||
| Leiby et al. 1970 [53] | SD, USA | Vulpes vulpes (0.4%; 222) | Intestine | Peromyscus maniculatus (1.3%; 234) | ||||
| Canis latrans (0%; 29) | Intestine | Microtus pennsylvanicus (0%; 67) | ||||||
| Mus musculus (0%; 4) | ||||||||
| Schantz et al. 1995 [77] | SD, USA | Vulpes vulpes (0.45%; 222) | Intestine | |||||
| Hildreth et al. 2000 [34] | SD, USA | Canis latrans (44.4%; 9) | Intestine | |||||
| Vulpes vulpes (74.5%; 137) | Intestine | |||||||
| Leiby et al. 1970 [53] | ND, USA | Vulpes vulpes (13.9%; 830) | Intestine | Peromyscus maniculatus (6%; 3335) | ||||
| Canis latrans (6.3%; 111) | Intestine | Microtus pennsylvanicus (3.2%; 565) | ||||||
| Mus musculus (2.1%; 47) | ||||||||
| Rausch and Richards 1971 [72] | ND, USA | Vulpes vulpes (70%; 96) | Intestine | Peromyscus maniculatus (3%; 1080) | ||||
| Hildreth et al. 1991 [33] | ND, USA | Vulpes vulpes (90%; 45) | Intestine | |||||
| Microtus pennsylvanicus (6%; 467) | ||||||||
| Sorex cinereus (0%; 41) | ||||||||
| Blarina brevicauda (0%; 70) | ||||||||
| Zapus hudsonius (0%; 202) | ||||||||
| Reithrodontomys megalotis (0%; 5) | ||||||||
| Mus musculus (0%; 15) | ||||||||
| Myodes gapperi (0%; 1) | ||||||||
| Citellus tridecemlineatus (0%; 17) | ||||||||
| Citellus richardsoni (0%; 1) | ||||||||
| Leiby et al. 1970 [53] | IA, USA | Vulpes vulpes (0.5%; 200) | Intestine | Peromyscus maniculatus (0.6%; 151) | ||||
| Canis latrans (0%; 1) | Intestine | Microtus pennsylvanicus (5.5%; 36) | ||||||
| Mus musculus (0%; 4) | ||||||||
| Leiby et al. 1970 [53] | MT, USA | Vulpes vulpes (0%; 11) | Intestine | Peromyscus maniculatus (0.5%, 436) | ||||
| Canis latrans (0%; 30) | Intestine | Microtus pennsylvanicus (0%; 39) | ||||||
| Mus musculus (0%; 12) | ||||||||
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