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All issues Volume 20 (2013) Parasite, 20 (2013) 54 Full HTML
Open Access
Issue
Parasite
Volume 20, 2013
Article Number 54
Number of page(s) 3
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2013054
Published online 12 December 2013

© S. Boukraa et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2013

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction

Emerging arbovirosis occurrences are related to a change in pathogens and/or arthropod vector distributions [10]. Environment and climate change, as well as globalization of international trade can affect these distributions [6]. Since the late 1970s, the Tiger mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1894) [14] shows an explosive worldwide spreading, being currently the most invasive mosquito in the world. In Europe, it has been reported from 20 countries and is nowadays well established in the Mediterranean region [8]. Aedes albopictus belongs to the most important arbovirus vectors, in particular for chikungunya and dengue viruses [8]. The risk for emergence and spread of these arboviruses to no-epidemic regions has increased especially in regions where Ae. albopictus has established, as demonstrated by recent local transmissions of chikungunya and dengue in Croatia and France [8]. In Belgium, Ae. albopictus was reported for the first time in 2000 from Vrasene (Oost-Vlaanderen Province), on an used tire storage of a recycling company that imports from the USA and Japan, among other countries [11]. Several other inspections were performed after that report but no additional specimens have been found in Belgium, although the site where it has been reported from has been monitored [15, F. Schaffner unpublished data]. Thus, the species is considered as not established in Belgium and, as no control measures have been applied, it is assumed that the introduced population was naturally eliminated. Besides, there is no evidence of any additional introduction at other points of entries [15]. During this last decade, two other Asian mosquitoes were recorded in Belgium. Ochlerotatus japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) was introduced and has established in southern Belgium (Hamois, Namur province) and Oc. koreicus (Edwards, 1917) was collected in Eastern Belgium (Maasmechelen, Limburg province), where it successfully established as well [15].

Material and methods

In the frame of a study of bacterial endosymbionts in Belgian mosquitoes, adult mosquitoes were regularly trapped at several places throughout the country by CO2-baited traps Mosquito Magnet Liberty Plus® (MMLP) and collected by sweep netting, and immatures were collected by the dipping method. For the present study, the surveys were conducted in two storage center of used tires recycling companies located in Oost-Vlaanderen Province. Study site A was at Vrasene (51°12′49″ N, 4°11′37″ E; 5 m above sea level) and at less of 10 km from port of Antwerp. This platform of imported used tires was regularly inspected following the find of Ae. albopictus in 2000 by Schaffner et al. [11]. Study site B is a company for recycling tires of local origin, located in Lochristi (51°06′18″ N, 3°52′12″ E; 5 m above sea level) and approximately 20 km southwest of the first study site. Identification of Ae. albopictus was first performed by morphology and then confirmed by molecular tools. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxydase subunit I (COI) was amplified [9] using the primers CI-J-1632 and CI-N-2191 [7] and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence is deposited in GenBank under accession number KF657725. Blast analysis was used to compare the obtained COI sequence with data available in NCBI (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).

Results and discussion

Early July 2013, one adult male of Ae. albopictus was trapped (MMLP) in Vrasene at the same used tire recycling company where it was observed in 2000. The obtained sequence compared with data available in NCBI showed 99% of similarity with those of Ae. albopictus from the United States and Germany. Other species collected together with Ae. albopictus were Anopheles plumbeus (Stephens, 1828), Culex pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758) s.l., Cx. torrentium (Martini, 1925), Coquillettidia richiardii (Ficalbi, 1899), and Oc. geniculatus (Olivier, 1791) (Table 1).

Table 1.

Adult and larval mosquitoes collected in Oost-Vlaanderen province, Belgium (02-07 VII 2013).

This rediscovery of Ae. albopictus together with the absence of any finding during previous years (2001–2012) suggests its reintroduction into Belgium via the used tire trade. In addition, given the information about the origin of used tires recently imported by the company, the source of the species reintroduction is possibly the United States. Aedes albopictus is a confirmed efficient vector of Dengue and Chikungunya viruses [8], and Belgium regularly registers imported chikungunya cases [2]. Thus, if established in the country, Ae. albopictus may become a substantial threat to public health. A study of the survival and dispersal of this mosquito in Belgium, as well as of its bioecology in neighboring countries might provide important insights to further elucidate its invasiveness, and identify high-risk areas for mosquito proliferation and pathogen transmission. A rapid proactive response is critical for vector management because of the possibility of its establishment, according to several models [3, 4]. This includes rapid implementation of control measures, before elimination is impossible [12]. Several countries in Western Europe recently confirmed repeated introductions of Ae. albopictus [1, 5, 13], and thus we suggest broader and more thorough entomological surveys at the European scale to survey introduction pathways and prevent establishment, and subsequently to reduce the risks of future arbovirus transmission.

Acknowledgments

We thank both tire company managers for allowing unrestricted access to their sites. We also thank Sophie Vandermotten (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, ULg) for help with the molecular study. This work was supported by the University of Liège (ULg) and Wallonie-Bruxelles International (WBI).

References

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Cite this article as: Boukraa S, Raharimalala FN, Zimmer J-Y, Schaffner F, Bawin T, Haubruge E & Francis F: Reintroduction of the invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus in Belgium in July 2013. Parasite, 2013. 20, 54.

All Tables

Table 1.

Adult and larval mosquitoes collected in Oost-Vlaanderen province, Belgium (02-07 VII 2013).

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