Table I.
Pneumocystis pneumonia in developing countries.
| Country (Years) | Patient population | PcP patients/total (%) | PcP diagnosis | HAART coverage rate * | PcP chemoprophylaxis | PcP mortality rates | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | |||||||
| Uganda (1999-2000) | HIV/AFB smear negative with respiratory symptoms | 32/83 (39) | DFA on BAL | 33% | 25% | NA | Worodria et al., 2003 |
| Kenya (1999-2000) | HIV/AFB smear negative with respiratory symptoms | 19/51 (37) | TBS and DFA on BAL | 38% | All patients within five days prior or after the bronchoscopy procedure | 26.3% | Chakaya et al., 2003 |
| Ethiopia (2004-2005) | HIV/AFB smear negative with respiratory symptoms | 39/131 (30) | DFA on sputum and BAL | 29% | NA | NA | Aderaye et al., 2007 |
| Ethiopia (2004-2005) | HIV/AFB smear negative with respiratory disease | 56/131 (43) | PCR on sputum and BAL | 29% | NA | NA | Aderaye et al., 2008 |
| Botswana (1997-1998) | AIDS | 11/35 (31) | Histopath, H & E and GS stains | 79% | NA | 28.6% | Ansari et al., 2003 |
| Zambia (1997-2000) | HIV dying with respiratory disease | 52/180 (29) | Histopath, H & E and MS stains | 46% | NA | 29% | Chintu et al., 2002 |
| Zambia (NA) | AIDS dying with respiratory disease | 15/22 (68) | PCR on OMW | 46% | NA | 68% | Lishimpi et al., 2002 |
| Senegal (2002-2005) | HIV/AFB smear negative with respiratory symptoms | 135/317 (43) | DFA on IS and BAL | 56% | 19% | 19% | Vray et al., 2008 |
| Central African Republic (2002-2005) | HIV/AFB smear negative with respiratory symptoms | 135/317 (43) | DFA on IS and BAL | 21% | 40% | 16% | Vray et al., 2008 |
| Malawi (2002-2004) | HIV with respiratory symptoms | 6/660 (1) | DFA and real time PCR on IS | 35% | NA | NA | van Oosterhout et al., 2007 |
| Asia (1) | |||||||
| Thailand (2000-2006) | HIV with respiratory symptoms | 8/14 (57) | DFA and Giemsa stain on BAL and TBBx | 61% | 7% | 64% | Boonsarngsuk et al., 2009 |
| Thailand (2002) | HIV/AIDS without respiratory symptoms | 53/286 (19) | Clinical diagnosis | 61% | 28.2% | NA | Anekthananon et al., 2004 |
| Thailand (2002-2003) | HIV/AIDS with respiratory symptoms | 15/59 (25) | Clinical diagnosis | 61% | NA | NA | Tansuphasawadikul et al., 2005 |
| Thailand (NA) | HIV/AIDS with respiratory symptoms | 11/52 (21) | Giemsa stain and PCR on IS | 61% | NA | NA | Jaijakul et al., 2005 |
| Cambodia (1999-2000) | AIDS without respiratory symptoms | 32/381 (8) | CXR finding and exclusion of other common causes of pneumonia | 67% | 100%** | NA | Senya et al., 2003 |
| Cambodia (2002-2004) | HIV/AFB smear negative with respiratory symptoms | 84/160 (53) | DFA on BAL | 67% | 39% | 23% | Le Minor et al., 2008 |
| Cambodia (NA) | HIV/AIDS without respiratory symptoms | 20/101 (20) | Clinical diagnosis | 67% | NA | NA | Bendick et al., 2002 |
| Vietnam (2000) | HIV without respiratory symptoms | 5/100 (5) | DFA on IS | 26% | 4% | 20% | Louie et al., 2004 |
| Vietnam (2002-2004) | HIV/AFB smear negative with respiratory symptoms | 38/69 (55) | DFA on BAL. | 26% | 7% | 4% | Le Minor et al., 2008 |
| Asia (2) | |||||||
| India (1996-2000) | HIV without respiratory symptoms | 36/594 (6) | Standard clinical definitions and by laboratory procedures | NA | NA | 28.8% | Kumarasamy et al., 2003 |
| India (1996-2008) | HIV without respiratory symptoms | 11/51 (22) | Assess clinical | NA | NA | 22% | Kumarasamy et al., 2010 |
| India (2004-2006) | HIV without respiratory symptoms | 5/100 (5) | Assess clinical and laboratory findings | NA | 100% | 2% Rajagopalan et al., 2009 | |
| North America | |||||||
| Mexico (1984-1989) | HIV without respiratory symptoms AIDS | 43/177 (24) | Histopath, H & E and GS stains | 57% | NA | 24% | Mohar et al., 1992 |
| Central America | |||||||
| Panama (1995) | HIV with respiratory symptoms | 25/55 (46) | MS | 56% | NA | NA | Rodriguez et al., 1996 |
| Guatemala (1991-1992) | HIV without respiratory symptoms | 14/52 (27) | Clinically | 37% | NA | NA | Estrada et al., 1992 |
| Caribbean Islands | |||||||
| Cuba (1986-1995) | AIDS | 30/93 (32) | Histopath, H & E and GS stains | > 95%. | NA | 4.5% | Arteaga et al., 1998 |
| Cuba (1988-1989) | HIV without respiratory symptoms | 18/40 (45) | Clinically and radiologically | > 95%. | NA | NA | Menendez-Capote et al., 1992 |
| Barbados (1981-1995) | HIV without respiratory symptoms | 18/47 (38) | Clinically | NA | NA | 65.2% | Kumar et al, 2000 |
| Haiti (1980-1982) | AIDS without respiratory symptoms | 7/20 (35) | Histopath or by TBBx | 41% | NA | 28% | Pitchenik et al., 1983 |
| Puerto Rico (1992-2005) | HIV without respiratory symptoms | 20/143 (14) | Clinically | NA | NA | NA | Báez-Feliciano et al., 2008 |
| South America | |||||||
| Venezuela (2001-2006) | AIDS with respiratory symptoms | 15/41 (37) | DFA on sputum, induced sputum and BAL | NA | NA | NA | Panizo et al., 2008 |
| Peru (1999-2004) | HIV/AIDS without respiratory symptoms | 2/16 (13) | Histopath, H & E and GS stains | 48% | NA | 12.5% | Eza et al., 2006 |
| Argentina (1990-1997) | HIV without respiratory symptoms | 79/226 (35) | Clinical status | 73% | NA | 21.6% | Fallo et al., 2002 |
| Argentina (1995-1996) and (2000-2001) | HIV without respiratory symptoms | 22/233 (9) | Clinical status | 73% | NA | NA | Pérez et al., 2005 |
| Chile (1999-2003) | HIV with respiratory disease | 89/236 (38) | Histopath, stains and PCR | 82% | 18% | 22% | Chernilo et al., 2005 |
| Brazil (1990-2000) | HIV/AIDS dying respiratory disease | 68/250 (27) | Histopath, H & E and GS stains | 80%. | NA | 27% | Soeiro et al., 2008 |
Notes: AFB, acid fast bacilli; DFA, direct fluorescent antibody test; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; NA, not available; IS, induced sputum; TBS, Toluidine Blue Stain; H & E, hematoxylin and eosin stain; MS, methenamine silver stains; GS, Grocott silver stain; OMW, oropharyngeal mouth wash; CXR, chest X-rays; TBBx, transbronchial biopsy.
Global total available at WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF, Towards Universal Access: Scaling Up Priority HIV/AIDS Interventions in the Health Sector, Progress Report, September 2009: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/2009progressreport/en/. Country totals available at WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF, Towards Universal Access: Scaling Up Priority HIV/AIDS Interventions in the Health Sector, Progress Report, June 2008: http://www.who. int/hiv/pub/2008progressreport/en/index.html.
Notes: DFA, direct fluorescent antibody test; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; NA, not available; H & E, hematoxylin and eosin stain; MS, methenamine silver stains; GS, Grocott silver stain; TBBx, transbronchial biopsy.
Global total available at WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF, Towards Universal Access: Scaling Up Priority HIV/AIDS Interventions in the Health Sector, Progress Report, September 2009: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/2009progressreport/en/. Country totals available at WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF, Towards Universal Access: Scaling Up Priority HIV/AIDS Interventions in the Health Sector, Progress Report, June 2008: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/2008progressreport/en/index.html
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.